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Eska: Difference between revisions
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Eska is a conlang based on Case Grammar; more specifically, it is based on Extended Case Grammar which is my particular view of Case Grammar. Extended Case Grammar follows the Matrix Model applied by Walter Cook with a few exceptions. In Cook's Matrix Model there are four mutually exclusive cases: Experiencer, Benefactor, Location, and Time. To this list I add Range. It must be noted here that both the Matrix Model and Extended Case Grammar use semantic case rather than syntactic case. I know of no natural language that marks semantic case. | Eska is a conlang based on Case Grammar; more specifically, it is based on Extended Case Grammar which is my particular view of Case Grammar. Extended Case Grammar follows the Matrix Model applied by Walter Cook with a few exceptions. In Cook's Matrix Model there are four mutually exclusive cases: Experiencer, Benefactor, Location, and Time. To this list I add Range. It must be noted here that both the Matrix Model and Extended Case Grammar use semantic case rather than syntactic case. I know of no natural language that marks semantic case. | ||
In the Matrix Model and in Extended Case Grammar predicates each belong to a particular domain. Predicates are divided into a number of domains. A predicate that only uses Object and possibly Agent cases is said to be in the Basic Domain. A predicate requiring the Experiencer case is said to be in the Experiential Domain. A predicate requiring the Benefactor case is said to be in the Benefactive Domain. A predicate requiring the Location case is said to be in the Locative Domain. A predicate requiring the Time case is said to be in the Temporal Domain. And a predicate requiring the | In the Matrix Model and in Extended Case Grammar predicates each belong to a particular domain. Predicates are divided into a number of domains. A predicate that only uses Object and possibly Agent cases is said to be in the Basic Domain. A predicate requiring the Experiencer case is said to be in the Experiential Domain. A predicate requiring the Benefactor case is said to be in the Benefactive Domain. A predicate requiring the Location case is said to be in the Locative Domain. A predicate requiring the Time case is said to be in the Temporal Domain. A predicate requiring the Range case is said to be in the Range Domain. And a predicate requiring the Comparison case is said to be in the Comparative Domain. (The Range and Comparative Domains are not used in the Matrix Model, because Cook examines a single novel for his input. Extended Case Grammar uses dictionaries for their input, which yielded the Range Domain as well as all of the other domains.) | ||
Predicates are also divided into three classes: State verbs, Inchoative verbs, and Causative verbs. (The Matrix Model calls these: State verbs, Process verbs, and Action Verbs, respectively.) State verbs denote an unchanging state or condition. Examples are: be good, be tall, be old, be happy, be hungry, be sad, see, hear, have, lack, be at, be inside, be outside, be ready to walk, be on (day), weigh, and measure. Inchoative verbs include: get better, get taller, become happier, get hungrier, become sadder, spy, start to hear, get, lose, arrive, enter, exit, walk, last (for time), allocate, and appropriate. Causative verbs include: make good, make tall, make old, make hungry, make sad, show, make hear, give, discard, take away, bring, insert, remove, walk (a dog), spend (time), add, and subtract. State verbs are taken to be the basic form of verbs with the Inchoative and Causative verbs being derived from State verbs. An Inchoative verb is derived from a State verb by adding the inchoative notion of becoming or changing. A Causative verb is derived from an Inchoative verb by adding the notion of causation. A simple example would be the verbs be hungry, become hungry, and make hungry. '''Be hungry''' is a state verb; it denotes an unchanging state. '''Become hungry''' is derived from '''be hungry''' by adding the notion of becoming; therefore, '''become hungry''' is an Inchoative verb. '''Make hungry''' is derived from become by adding the notion of causing; therefore, '''make hungry''' is a Causative verb. | Predicates are also divided into three classes: State verbs, Inchoative verbs, and Causative verbs. (The Matrix Model calls these: State verbs, Process verbs, and Action Verbs, respectively.) State verbs denote an unchanging state or condition. Examples are: be good, be tall, be old, be happy, be hungry, be sad, see, hear, have, lack, be at, be inside, be outside, be ready to walk, be on (day), weigh, and measure. Inchoative verbs include: get better, get taller, become happier, get hungrier, become sadder, spy, start to hear, get, lose, arrive, enter, exit, walk, last (for time), allocate, and appropriate. Causative verbs include: make good, make tall, make old, make hungry, make sad, show, make hear, give, discard, take away, bring, insert, remove, walk (a dog), spend (time), add, and subtract. State verbs are taken to be the basic form of verbs with the Inchoative and Causative verbs being derived from State verbs. An Inchoative verb is derived from a State verb by adding the inchoative notion of becoming or changing. A Causative verb is derived from an Inchoative verb by adding the notion of causation. A simple example would be the verbs be hungry, become hungry, and make hungry. '''Be hungry''' is a state verb; it denotes an unchanging state. '''Become hungry''' is derived from '''be hungry''' by adding the notion of becoming; therefore, '''become hungry''' is an Inchoative verb. '''Make hungry''' is derived from become by adding the notion of causing; therefore, '''make hungry''' is a Causative verb. | ||
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The man bid '''$100'''. | The man bid '''$100'''. | ||
''Comparison Case'' | |||
The Comparison case is required by Comparative verbs. Comparison is used by verbs such as: '''compare''', '''contrast''', '''be the same''', '''be different''', '''be more''', and '''be less'''. | |||
examples: | |||
The man compares the '''apples''' to each other. | |||
The woman contrasts the '''lemons''' with the limes. | |||
The '''book''' is more than 400 pages. | |||
The '''toy''' is less than the candy. | |||
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Sac az azine ip '''mani''' buka. The man has a book. | Sac az azine ip '''mani''' buka. The man has a book. | ||
''Location Case'' | ''Location Case'' | ||
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Sac iz wakise ap kida '''froparki'''. The child walked from the park. | Sac iz wakise ap kida '''froparki'''. The child walked from the park. | ||
''Time Case'' | ''Time Case'' | ||
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Sac iz okurise festiva '''yesti'''. The party happened yesterday. | Sac iz okurise festiva '''yesti'''. The party happened yesterday. | ||
''Range Case'' | ''Range Case'' | ||
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Sac az kostine ap buka dekip '''dolari'''. The book costs ten dollars. | Sac az kostine ap buka dekip '''dolari'''. The book costs ten dollars. | ||
''Comparative Case'' | |||
examples: | |||
Sac iz | |||