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Eska: Difference between revisions
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In the Matrix Model and in Extended Case Grammar predicates each belong to a particular domain. Predicates are divided into a number of domains. A predicate that only uses Object and possibly Agent cases is said to be in the Basic Domain. A predicate requiring the Experiencer case is said to be in the Experiential Domain. A predicate requiring the Benefactor case is said to be in the Benefactive Domain. A predicate requiring the Location case is said to be in the Locative Domain. A predicate requiring the Time case is said to be in the Temporal Domain. A predicate requiring the Range case is said to be in the Range Domain. And a predicate requiring the Comparison case is said to be in the Comparative Domain. (The Range and Comparative Domains are not used in the Matrix Model, because Cook examines a single novel for his input. Extended Case Grammar uses dictionaries for their input, which yielded the Range Domain as well as all of the other domains.) | In the Matrix Model and in Extended Case Grammar predicates each belong to a particular domain. Predicates are divided into a number of domains. A predicate that only uses Object and possibly Agent cases is said to be in the Basic Domain. A predicate requiring the Experiencer case is said to be in the Experiential Domain. A predicate requiring the Benefactor case is said to be in the Benefactive Domain. A predicate requiring the Location case is said to be in the Locative Domain. A predicate requiring the Time case is said to be in the Temporal Domain. A predicate requiring the Range case is said to be in the Range Domain. And a predicate requiring the Comparison case is said to be in the Comparative Domain. (The Range and Comparative Domains are not used in the Matrix Model, because Cook examines a single novel for his input. Extended Case Grammar uses dictionaries for their input, which yielded the Range Domain as well as all of the other domains.) | ||
Predicates are also divided into three classes: State verbs, Inchoative verbs, and Causative verbs. (The Matrix Model calls these: State verbs, Process verbs, and Action Verbs, respectively.) State verbs denote an unchanging state or condition. Examples are: be good, be tall, be old, be happy, be hungry, be sad, see, hear, have, lack, be at, be inside, be outside, be ready to walk, be on (day), weigh, and measure. Inchoative verbs include: get better, get taller, become happier, get hungrier, become sadder, spy, start to hear, get, lose, arrive, enter, exit, walk, last (for time), allocate, and appropriate. Causative verbs include: make good, make tall, make old, make hungry, make sad, show, make hear, give, discard, take away, bring, insert, remove, walk (a dog), spend (time), add, and subtract. State verbs are taken to be the basic form of verbs with the Inchoative and Causative verbs being derived from State verbs. An Inchoative verb is derived from a State verb by adding the inchoative notion of becoming or changing. A Causative verb is derived from an Inchoative verb by adding the notion of causation. A simple example would be the verbs be hungry, become hungry, and make hungry. '''Be hungry''' is a | Predicates are also divided into three classes: State verbs, Inchoative verbs, and Causative verbs. (The Matrix Model calls these: State verbs, Process verbs, and Action Verbs, respectively.) State verbs denote an unchanging state or condition. Examples are: be good, be tall, be old, be happy, be hungry, be sad, see, hear, have, lack, be at, be inside, be outside, be ready to walk, be on (day), weigh, and measure. Inchoative verbs include: get better, get taller, become happier, get hungrier, become sadder, spy, start to hear, get, lose, arrive, enter, exit, walk, last (for time), allocate, and appropriate. Causative verbs include: make good, make tall, make old, make hungry, make sad, show, make hear, give, discard, take away, bring, insert, remove, walk (a dog), spend (time), add, and subtract. State verbs are taken to be the basic form of verbs with the Inchoative and Causative verbs being derived from State verbs. An Inchoative verb is derived from a State verb by adding the inchoative notion of becoming or changing. A Causative verb is derived from an Inchoative verb by adding the notion of causation. A simple example would be the verbs be hungry, become hungry, and make hungry. '''Be hungry''' is a State verb; it denotes an unchanging state. '''Become hungry''' is derived from '''be hungry''' by adding the notion of becoming; therefore, '''become hungry''' is an Inchoative verb. '''Make hungry''' is derived from become by adding the notion of causing; therefore, '''make hungry''' is a Causative verb. | ||
In the Matrix Model, Walter Cook designates '''be''' as a verb in its own right. I disagree with him. I view '''be''' as a predicative particle that attaches to syntactic nouns and adjectives to yield State verbs. In Eska state predicates include '''be + complement'''. '''Become + compliment''' yields an Inchoative verb. '''Make + compliment''' yields a Causative verb. | In the Matrix Model, Walter Cook designates '''be''' as a verb in its own right. I disagree with him. I view '''be''' as a predicative particle that attaches to syntactic nouns and adjectives to yield State verbs. In Eska state predicates include '''be + complement'''. '''Become + compliment''' yields an Inchoative verb. '''Make + compliment''' yields a Causative verb. | ||
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Each predicate requires a number of cases. The number of cases required by a particular predicate is called the predicates valency. Predicates may require one, two, or three cases. Valency is directly related to the meaning of the predicate. | Each predicate requires a number of cases. The number of cases required by a particular predicate is called the predicates valency. Predicates may require one, two, or three cases. Valency is directly related to the meaning of the predicate. | ||
''Object Case'' | ''Object Case'' | ||
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The '''dog''' weighs 70 pounds. | The '''dog''' weighs 70 pounds. | ||
''Agent Case'' | ''Agent Case'' | ||
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The '''man''' talked to the woman. | The '''man''' talked to the woman. | ||
''Experiencer Case'' | ''Experiencer Case'' | ||
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The '''man''' thinks about rock climbing. | The '''man''' thinks about rock climbing. | ||
''Benefactor Case'' | ''Benefactor Case'' | ||
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The thief stole money from the '''bank'''. | The thief stole money from the '''bank'''. | ||
''Location Case'' | ''Location Case'' | ||
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The child walks the dog '''to the park'''. | The child walks the dog '''to the park'''. | ||
''Time Case'' | ''Time Case'' | ||
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The man spends the '''day''' with the woman. | The man spends the '''day''' with the woman. | ||
''Range Case'' | ''Range Case'' | ||
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The dog '''weighs''' 70 pounds. | The dog '''weighs''' 70 pounds. | ||
''Inchoative Verbs'' | ''Inchoative Verbs'' | ||
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The woman '''allocates''' a place for the book. | The woman '''allocates''' a place for the book. | ||
''Causative Verbs'' | ''Causative Verbs'' | ||
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Covert case roles "are sometimes or always absent from the surface structure. Covert roles may be partially covert or totally covert. Partially covert roles are sometimes present and sometimes absent and are called deletable roles. Totally covert roles are roles that are never present in the surface structure despite the fact that they are part of the verb's valence. Totally covert roles include both coreferential roles and lexicalized roles" (Cook 1989:201). | Covert case roles "are sometimes or always absent from the surface structure. Covert roles may be partially covert or totally covert. Partially covert roles are sometimes present and sometimes absent and are called deletable roles. Totally covert roles are roles that are never present in the surface structure despite the fact that they are part of the verb's valence. Totally covert roles include both coreferential roles and lexicalized roles" (Cook 1989:201). | ||
''Deletable Case Roles'' | ''Deletable Case Roles'' | ||
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She told me ('''that she was sick'''). | She told me ('''that she was sick'''). | ||
''Coreferential Case Roles'' | ''Coreferential Case Roles'' | ||
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Sue = Agent + moving object Agent = Object | Sue = Agent + moving object Agent = Object | ||
''Lexicalized Case Roles'' | ''Lexicalized Case Roles'' | ||
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'' | |||
''Consonants'' | |||
p t k b d f v s z m n l r y w j as in English | p t k b d f v s z m n l r y w j as in English | ||
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h pronounce like th in '''th'''in | h pronounce like th in '''th'''in | ||
'' | |||
''Vowels'' | |||
a e i o u as in Spanish | a e i o u as in Spanish | ||
oy | ''Diphthongs'' | ||
ay l'''i'''ke m'''y''' | |||
oy t'''oy''' s'''oi'''l | |||
au '''ow''' c'''ou'''ch | |||
Stress | ''Stress'' | ||
Penultimate stress when word ends in a vowel. | Penultimate stress when word ends in a vowel. | ||
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examples: | examples: | ||
Sac iz | Sac iz kamperine op mano ip '''apli''' bala. The man compared the apple to a ball. | ||
Sac iz kotrine op miso ip '''dogi''' kata. The woman contrasted the dog to a cat. | |||