6,897
edits
Essanian: Difference between revisions
→Verb conjugation
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
| Line 1,341: | Line 1,341: | ||
====Verb conjugation==== | ====Verb conjugation==== | ||
=====Non-finite forms===== | Note that second person polite forms always take third person verb conjugations | ||
====='''Non-finite forms'''===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | {| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | ||
|+ Non-finite forms of regular verbs | |+ Non-finite forms of regular verbs | ||
| Line 1,362: | Line 1,363: | ||
² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''. | ² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''. | ||
=====Simple tenses (indicative)===== | ====='''Simple tenses (indicative)'''===== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Simple tenses (regular ''-ar'' verbs) | |+ Simple tenses (regular ''-ar'' verbs) | ||
| Line 1,398: | Line 1,399: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3S | ! 3S | ||
| -(e) || -eva || -ió || -erá || -ereva || -iera | | -(e)¹ || -eva || -ió || -erá || -ereva || -iera | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1P | ! 1P | ||
| Line 1,422: | Line 1,423: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3S | ! 3S | ||
| -(e) || -iva || -ió || -irá || -ireva || -iera | | -(e)¹ || -iva || -ió || -irá || -ireva || -iera | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1P | ! 1P | ||
| Line 1,435: | Line 1,436: | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
¹ The final ''-e'' in the 3S present of ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs is dropped after certain consonants. | ¹ The final ''-e'' in the 3S present of ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs is dropped after certain consonants. | ||
² When ''-i-'' | ² When an ending begins in a rising diphthong (''-i-'' + vowel), ''-i-'' is dropped after palatal consonants and merges with a preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-y-''. | ||
'''Irregular verbs''' | |||
*The future may have an irregular stem before ''-r-'' formed by contraction. The conditional always has the same stem as the future. | |||
*The preterite may have an irregular stem, in which case the endings are as below (with a few exceptions): | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! Person/ | ! Person/Number !! Preterite ending | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1S | !1S | ||
| Line 1,463: | Line 1,466: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
The pluperfect stem is always formed by removing ''-s'' from the 2S preterite and adding the endings in ''-ra, -res'', etc. | :The pluperfect stem is always formed by removing ''-s'' from the 2S preterite and adding the endings in ''-ra, -res'', etc. | ||
*Stem-changing verbs have predictable sound changes when the stem is stressed. Common varieties include: | |||
**''-o-'' > ''-ue-'' | |||
**''-e-'' > ''-ie-'' | |||
**''-ch-'' > ''-it-'' | |||
*Regular verbs whose stems end in ''-c-, -g-, -qu-, -gu-, -qü-, -gü-, -ch-'' have spelling changes in order to maintain the same pronunciation in front of front and back vowels, as per the table below. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
! Phoneme !! Before front vowels !! Before back vowels !! Remarks | |||
|- | |||
! k | |||
| qu || c || | |||
|- | |||
! tʃ | |||
| c || ch || | |||
|- | |||
! ɡ ~ ɣ | |||
| gu || g || | |||
|- | |||
! dʒ ~ ʒ | |||
| g || j || This spelling change does not apply if the infinitive is spelled with ''-j-'', in which case this spelling is maintained. | |||
|- | |||
! kw | |||
| qü || qu || | |||
|- | |||
! ɡw ~ ɣw | |||
| gü || gu || | |||
|} | |||
:Note that many verbs ending in ''-cer, -cir'' irregularly maintain their spelling in the 1S present indicative with the corresponding pronunciation change. | |||
====='''Simple tenses (subjunctive)'''===== | |||
*Many verbs have an irregular 1S present indicative form. When this occurs, this irregular stem is also used to form the present subjunctive | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||