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**Shared with Catalan and Portuguese. | **Shared with Catalan and Portuguese. | ||
**E.g. IUVENE(M) > ''joven'' /ˈdʒoven/ "young" (Catalan ''jove'', Portuguese ''jovem'' vs. Spanish ''joven'', Asturian ''xoven'', Galician ''xove'', Aragonese ''choven'') | **E.g. IUVENE(M) > ''joven'' /ˈdʒoven/ "young" (Catalan ''jove'', Portuguese ''jovem'' vs. Spanish ''joven'', Asturian ''xoven'', Galician ''xove'', Aragonese ''choven'') | ||
*Intervocalic -I-, -DI- become /j/. | *Intervocalic -I-, -DI- usually become /j/. | ||
**Differs from Catalan | **Differs from Catalan. However, there are many exceptions to this pattern. | ||
**E.g. MAIORE(M) > ''mayor'' /maˈjor/ "bigger" (Spanish, Asturian ''mayor'', Galician/Portuguese ''maior'' vs Catalan ''major''). | **E.g. MAIORE(M) > ''mayor'' /maˈjor/ "bigger" (Spanish, Asturian ''mayor'', Galician/Portuguese ''maior'' vs Catalan ''major''). | ||
:::HODIE > ''wey'' /wej/ "today" (Spanish ''hoy'', Asturian, Aragonese ''güe'', Catalan '' | :::HODIE > ''wey'' /wej/ "today" (Spanish ''hoy'', Asturian, Aragonese ''güe'', Catalan ''avui'' vs Portuguese ''hoje'', Galician ''hoxe''). | ||
:::FUGĪRE > ''fugir'' /fuˈʒiɾ/ "to flee" (Catalan, Portuguese ''fugir'', Asturian, Galician ''fuxir'' vs Spanish ''huir''). | |||
*Diphthongization of stressed Ŏ & Ĕ to /we/ and /je/. | *Diphthongization of stressed Ŏ & Ĕ to /we/ and /je/. | ||
**Shared with Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Spanish (except before yod),Catalan (only before yod). | **Shared with Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Spanish (except before yod),Catalan (only before yod). | ||
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*Most masculine words ending in a consonant form their plural in ''-os''. | *Most masculine words ending in a consonant form their plural in ''-os''. | ||
**Shared (to a limited extent) with Catalan. | **Shared (to a limited extent) with Catalan. | ||
*Final -TIS in second person plural verbs became /θ/. | *Final -TIS in second person plural verbs became /θ/ (through intermediate stage /ts/). | ||
**Shared with Aragonese. | **Shared with Aragonese. | ||
*-B- in imperfect preserved as /v/ in all verb classes. | *-B- in imperfect preserved as /v/ in all verb classes. | ||
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===Phonological history=== | ===Phonological history=== | ||
*Final vowel dropping: | *Final vowel dropping: | ||
**''-u'' and ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''ç, d, l, lh, n, nh, r, s | **''-u'' and ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''ç, d, l, lh, n, nh, r, s, t, z''. | ||
**''-e'' but not ''-u'' dropped after post-vocalic ''c(h), t, x, y, nd, nt''. | **''-e'' but not ''-u'' dropped after post-vocalic ''c(h), t, x, y, nd, nt''. | ||
**''-u'' but not ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''w''. | **''-u'' but not ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''w''. | ||
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====Number==== | ====Number==== | ||
Nouns may be singular or plural. Nouns may also | Nouns may be singular or plural. Nouns may also occur in the dual, which is borrowed from Arabic. | ||
=====Regular plurals===== | ====='''Regular plurals'''===== | ||
Nouns are pluralized based on their ending and gender as follows: | Nouns are pluralized based on their ending and gender as follows: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=====Irregular plurals===== | ====='''Irregular plurals'''===== | ||
Some words, mostly of Arabic origin, take a plural in ''-ín'' (masculine) or ''-(w)at'' (feminine). There are also some broken plurals. | Some words, mostly of Arabic origin, take a plural in ''-ín'' (masculine) or ''-(w)at'' (feminine). There are also some broken plurals. | ||
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***Simple pluperfect (''el plus-que-perfeit simple'') | ***Simple pluperfect (''el plus-que-perfeit simple'') | ||
**Compound tenses (''tiempos compueços''): | **Compound tenses (''tiempos compueços''): | ||
*** | ***Present perfect (''el passat compueç'') | ||
***Compound pluperfect (''el plus-que-perfeit compueç'') | ***Compound pluperfect (''el plus-que-perfeit compueç'') | ||
***Future perfect (''el futur compueç'') | ***Future perfect (''el futur compueç'') | ||
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**Participle (''el participiu') | **Participle (''el participiu') | ||
**Gerund (''el gerundiu'') | **Gerund (''el gerundiu'') | ||
For convenience, each tense/mood combination will be referred to in this article as a "tense". | |||
====Verb classes==== | ====Verb classes==== | ||
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*Second conjugation/''-er'' verbs (''la conjugachón seconda'') | *Second conjugation/''-er'' verbs (''la conjugachón seconda'') | ||
*Third conjugation/''-ir'' verbs (''la conjugachón tercera'') | *Third conjugation/''-ir'' verbs (''la conjugachón tercera'') | ||
There are irregular verbs in each class | There are irregular verbs in each class. | ||
====Verb conjugation==== | ====Verb conjugation==== | ||
=====Non-finite forms===== | Note that second person polite forms always take third person verb conjugations | ||
====='''Non-finite forms'''===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | {| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | ||
|+ Non-finite forms of regular verbs | |+ Non-finite forms of regular verbs | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Gerundive | ! Gerundive | ||
| -ando || | | -ando || -endo || -indo | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
¹ ''-er'' verbs may form their past participle in ''-ut'' instead of ''-it'' (this is considered archaic). Additionally, many ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs have irregular past participles | ¹ ''-er'' verbs may form their past participle in ''-ut'' instead of ''-it'' (this is considered archaic). Additionally, many ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs have irregular past participles, which may or may not coexist with regular forms. | ||
<!-- | |||
² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''.--> | |||
====='''Simple tenses (indicative)'''===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Simple indicative tenses (regular ''-ar'' verbs) | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| -o || -ava || -é || -aré || -areva || -era | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| -es || -aves || -és || -arás || -areves || -eres | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| -a || -ava || -ó || -ará || -areva || -era | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| -án || -aven || -én || -arén || -areven || -eren | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| -az || -ávez || -ez || -arez || -arévez || -érez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| -en || -aven || -ón || -arán || -areven || -eren | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
== | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Simple indicative tenses (regular ''-er'' verbs) | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| -o || -eva || -í || -eré || -ereva || -iera | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| -es || -eves || -iés || -erás || -ereves || -ieres | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| -(e)¹ || -eva || -ió || -erá || -ereva || -iera | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| -én || -even || -ién || -erén || -ereven || -ieren | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| -ez || -évez || -iez || -erez || -erévez || -iérez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| -en || -even || -ión || -erán || -ereven || -ieren | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
== | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
<!-- | |+ Simple indicative tenses (regular ''-ir'' verbs) | ||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | |||
''' | |- | ||
! 1S | |||
| -o || -iva || -í || -iré || -ireva || -iera | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| -es || -ives || -iés || -irás || -ireves || -ieres | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| -(e)¹ || -iva || -ió || -irá || -ireva || -iera | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| -ín || -iven || -ién || -irén || -ireven || -ieren | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| -iz || -ívez || -iez || -irez || -irévez || -iérez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| -en || -iven || -ión || -irán || -ireven || -ieren | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
'''Notes:''' | |||
¹ The final ''-e'' in the 3S present of ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs is dropped after certain consonants. | |||
<!-- | |||
² When an ending begins in a rising diphthong (''-i-'' + vowel), ''-i-'' is dropped after palatal consonants and merges with a preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-y-''.--> | |||
<p align=right> | ====='''Simple tenses (subjunctive)'''===== | ||
توتس لس سارس أمانس نشن حرس ءاد ءاكوالس ءان دنتاه إي دريتس. سون دتاتس دا رچون إي كنشنچه، إي داڤن كمپرتارسن لس أونس كلس أترس ءان روح دا جرمانتاه | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
</p> | |+ Simple subjunctive tenses (regular ''-ar'' verbs) | ||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Future | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| -e || -esse || -ere | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| -as || -essas || -eras | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| -e || -esse || -ere | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| -én || -essan || -eran | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| -ez || -éssaz || -éraz | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| -an || -essan || -eran | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Simple subjunctive tenses (regular ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs) | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Future | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| -a || -iesse || -iere | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| -as || -iessas || -ieras | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| -a || -iesse || -iere | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| -án || -iessan || -ieran | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| -az || -iéssaz || -iéraz | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| -an || -iessan || -ieran | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====='''Imperative'''===== | |||
*'''Affirmative:''' | |||
**'''2S:''' Same as 3S present indicative. | |||
**'''2P:''' Same as infinitive, with final ''-r'' replaced with ''-t''. | |||
**'''Other persons:''' Same as corresponding present subjunctive. | |||
*'''Negative:''' Same as corresponding present subjunctive. | |||
====='''Compound tenses'''===== | |||
Compound tenses are formed with the verb ''aver'' "to have" followed by the past participle. They differ from each other according to the tense of the auxiliary verb. | |||
*Non-finite forms: | |||
**Perfect infinitive: ''aver'' + participle | |||
**Perfect participle: participle of ''aver'' + participle | |||
**Perfect gerundive: ''avendo'' + participle | |||
*Indicative: | |||
**Present perfect: present of ''aver'' + participle | |||
**Compound pluperfect: imperfect of ''aver'' + participle | |||
**Future perfect: future of ''aver'' + participle | |||
**Conditional perfect: conditional of ''aver'' + participle | |||
*Subjunctive: | |||
**Perfect subjunctive: present subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle | |||
**Pluperfect subjunctive: imperfect subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle | |||
**Future perfect subjunctive: future subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle | |||
<!--- | |||
====='''Periphrastic tenses'''===== | |||
In addition to the usual simple and compound tenses, there are additional periphrastic tenses formed with auxiliary verbs. These can themselves take any simple or compound tense.--> | |||
====='''Passive'''===== | |||
Formed with the appropriate conjugation of ''ser'' with the appropriately declined form of the past participle. | |||
It can also be used as a pseudopassive, especially with intransitive verbs. In this case, the participle is always in the neuter. | |||
====Irregular verbs==== | |||
====='''General notes'''===== | |||
*Stem-changing verbs have predictable sound changes when the stem is stressed. Common varieties include: | |||
**''-o-'' > ''-ue-'' | |||
**''-e-'' > ''-ie-'' | |||
**''-ch-'' > ''-it-'' | |||
*Many verbs have an irregular 1S present indicative form. When this occurs, this irregular stem is also used to form the present subjunctive. In the case of stem-changing verbs, stem vowel changes still apply. | |||
*The future may have an irregular stem before ''-r-'' (usually formed by contraction). This happens especially often with ''-er'' verbs. The conditional always has the same stem as the future. | |||
*The preterite may have an irregular stem, in which case the endings are as below (with a few exceptions): | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
! Person/Number !! Preterite ending | |||
|- | |||
!1S | |||
| -i | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| -es | |||
|- | |||
!3S | |||
| -o | |||
|- | |||
!1P | |||
| -én | |||
|- | |||
!2P | |||
| -ez | |||
|- | |||
!3P | |||
| -on | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
:The pluperfect indicative, imperfect subjunctive, and future subjunctive stems are always formed by removing ''-n'' from the 1P preterite indicative and adding the appropriate endings starting from the consonant. | |||
*Regular verbs whose stems end in ''-c-, -g-, -qu-, -gu-, -qü-, -gü-, -ch-'' have spelling changes in order to maintain the same pronunciation in front of front and back vowels, as per the table below: | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
! Phoneme !! Before front vowels !! Before back vowels !! Remarks | |||
|- | |||
| /k/ | |||
| qu || c || | |||
|- | |||
| /tʃ/ | |||
| c || ch || Becomes ''-ch'' when word-final. | |||
|- | |||
| /ɡ ~ ɣ/ | |||
| gu || g || | |||
|- | |||
| /dʒ ~ ʒ/ | |||
| g || j || This spelling change does not apply if the infinitive is spelled with ''-j-'', in which case ''-j-'' spelling is maintained in all forms. | |||
|- | |||
| /kw/ | |||
| qü || qu || | |||
|- | |||
| /ɡw ~ ɣw/ | |||
| gü || gu || | |||
|} | |||
:Note that many verbs ending in ''-cer, -cir, -ger, -gir'' irregularly maintain their spelling in the 1S present indicative with the corresponding pronunciation change. | |||
<!-- | |||
*There are various verbs ending in ''-uyir/-uwir''. These verbs, as well as ''oyir/owir'' "to hear" have two forms: a mostly regular form in ''-yir'', and a form in ''-wir'' with an irregular present indicative in the 1S and a present subjunctive where the ''-w-'' is replaced with ''-y-''.--> | |||
====='''The verb ''ser'' "to be"'''===== | |||
The verb ''ser'' "to be" is highly irregular. | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''ser'' "to be" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| ser | |||
|- | |||
! Participle | |||
| sit/sitos, sita/sites, sito; <br/> | |||
sut/sutos, suta/sutes, suto¹ | |||
|- | |||
! Gerundive | |||
| sendo | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
¹ Archaic | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''ser'' "to be" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| so || yera || fui || seré || sereva || fuera | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| yes || yeres || fues || serás || sereves || fueres | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| ye || yera || fue || será || sereva || fuera | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| son/sen || yeren || fuen || serén || sereven || fueren | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| soz/sez || yérez || fuez || serez || serévez || fuérez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| son || yeren || fuen || serán || sereven || fueren | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''ser'' "to be" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future subj. !! Imperative aff. | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| siya || fuesse || fuere || — | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| siyas || fuessas || fueras || sé | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| siya || fuesse || fuere || siya | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| siyán || fuessan || fueran || siyán | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| siyaz || fuéssaz || fuéraz || set | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| siyan || fuessan || fueran || siyan | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====='''The verb ''aver'' "to be"'''===== | |||
The verb ''aver'' "to have" is an important irregular verb. | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''aver'' "to have" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| aver | |||
|- | |||
! Participle | |||
| avit/avitos, avita/avites, avito; <br /> | |||
avut/avutos, avuta/avutes, avuto¹ | |||
|- | |||
! Gerundive | |||
| avendo | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''aver'' "to have" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite² !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect² | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| e || eva || ovi || avré || avreva || overa | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| as || eves || oves || avrás || avreves || overes | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| a || eva || ovo || avrá || avreva || overa | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| avén || even || ovén || avrén || avreven || overen | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| avez || évez || ovez || avrez || avrévez || ovérez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| an || even || ovon || avrán || avreven || overen | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''aver'' "to have" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj.² !! Future subj.² !! Imperative aff. | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| aya || ovesse || overe || — | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| ayas || ovessas || overas || a | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| aya || ovesse || overe || aya | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| ayán || ovessan || overan || ayán | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| ayaz || ovéssaz || ovéraz || avet | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| ayan || ovessan || overan || ayan | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
'''Notes:''' | |||
¹ Participles in ''-ut-'' are considered archaic. | |||
² The irregular preterite is shown here. A regular preterite (''aví, aviés,'' etc.) can alternatively be used, in which case the pluperfect indicative, imperfect subjunctive, and future subjunctive likewise become regular. | |||
====='''The verb ''andar'' "to go"'''===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''andar'' "to go" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| andar | |||
|- | |||
! Participle | |||
| andat/andatos, andata/andates, andato | |||
|- | |||
! Gerundive | |||
| andando | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''andar'' "to go" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| vo || andava || andé || iré || ireva || andera | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| vas || andaves || andés || irás || ireves || anderes | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| va || andava || andó || irá || ireva || andera | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| andán || andaven || andén || irén || ireven || anderen | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| andaz || andávez || andez || irez || irévez || andérez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| van || andaven || andón || irán || ireven || anderen | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''andar'' "to go" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj.³ !! Future subj.³ !! Imperative aff. | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| vaya || andesse || andere || — | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| vayas || andessas || anderas || anda | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| vaya || andesse || andere || vaya | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| vayán || andessan || anderan || vayán | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| vayaz || andéssaz || andéraz || andat | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| vayan || andessan || anderan || vayan | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====='''The verb ''facer'' "to do, make"'''===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| facer | |||
|- | |||
! Participle | |||
| feit/feitos, feita/feites, feito | |||
|- | |||
! Gerundive | |||
| facendo | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| faco || feva || fici || faré || fareva || ficera | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| fas || feves || fices || farás || fareves || ficeres | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| fa || feva || ficho || fará || fareva || ficera | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| facén || feven || ficén || farén || fareven || ficeren | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| facez || févez || ficez || farez || farévez || ficérez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| fan || feven || fichon || farán || fareven || ficeren | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future subj. !! Imperative aff. | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| faca || ficesse || ficere || — | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| facas || ficessas || ficeras || fa | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| faca || ficesse || ficere || faca | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| facán || ficessan || ficeran || facán | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| facaz || ficéssaz || ficéraz || facet | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| facan || ficessan || ficeran || facan | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====='''The verb ''dicer'' "to say"'''===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''dicer'' "to say" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| dicer | |||
|- | |||
! Participle | |||
| dit/ditos, dita/dites, dito | |||
|- | |||
! Gerundive | |||
| dicendo | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''dicer'' "to say" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| dico || diva || dixi || diré || direva || dixera | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| dices || dives || dixes || dirás || direves || dixeres | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| dich || diva || dixo || dirá || direva || dixera | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| dicén || diven || dixén || dirén || direven || dixeren | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| dicez || dívez || dixez || direz || dirévez || dixérez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| dicen || diven || dixon || dirán || direven || dixeren | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''dicer'' "to say" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future subj. !! Imperative aff. | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| dica || dixesse || dixere || — | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| dicas || dixessas || dixeras || di | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| dica || dixesse || dixere || dica | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| dicán || dixessan || dixeran || dicán | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| dicaz || dixéssaz || dixéraz || dicet | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| dican || dixessan || dixeran || dican | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | |||
===Constituent order=== | |||
===Noun phrase=== | |||
===Verb phrase=== | |||
===Sentence phrase=== | |||
===Dependent clauses=== | |||
<!-- etc. etc. --> | |||
==Vocabulary== | |||
===Time - ''Tiempu''=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Seasons - ''Les çachones'' | |||
! English !! Essanian | |||
|- | |||
| spring || el verán | |||
|- | |||
| summer || el çiw | |||
|- | |||
| fall || l'otonh | |||
|- | |||
| winter || l'inviernu | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
<!-- | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Hijri Months - ''Los mesos hijrís'' | |||
! English !! Essanian | |||
|- | |||
| Muharram || muhárram | |||
|- | |||
| Safar || sáfar | |||
|- | |||
| Rabi' al-Awwal || rabigh primer | |||
|- | |||
| Rabi' ath-Thani || rabigh second | |||
|- | |||
| Jumada al-Ula || jumada primera | |||
|- | |||
| Jumada al-Akhirah || jumada seconda | |||
|- | |||
| Rajab || rájab | |||
|- | |||
| Sha'ban || xaghbán | |||
|- | |||
| Ramadan || ramadán | |||
|- | |||
| Shawwal || xawal | |||
|- | |||
| Dhu'l-Qa'dah || zulcaghda | |||
|- | |||
| Dhu'l-Hijjah || zulhaja | |||
|- | |||
|}--> | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Greogorian months - ''Los mesos gregorianos'' | |||
! English !! Essanian | |||
|- | |||
| January || gener | |||
|- | |||
| February || fevrer | |||
|- | |||
| March || marchu | |||
|- | |||
| April || abril | |||
|- | |||
| May || mayu | |||
|- | |||
| June || junh | |||
|- | |||
| July || julhet | |||
|- | |||
| August || agoç | |||
|- | |||
| September || setiembre | |||
|- | |||
| October || ochombre | |||
|- | |||
| November || noviembre | |||
|- | |||
| December || deciembre | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Days of the week - ''Los diyes de la semana'' | |||
! English !! Essanian | |||
|- | |||
| Sunday || ahad | |||
|- | |||
| Monday || eçnén | |||
|- | |||
| Tuesday || çalaça | |||
|- | |||
| Wednesday || arbagha | |||
|- | |||
| Thursday || hamís | |||
|- | |||
| Friday || jumgha | |||
|- | |||
| Saturday || sabte | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Parts of the day - ''Los partes del diya'' | |||
! English !! Essanian | |||
|- | |||
| day || diya | |||
|- | |||
| dawn || alba | |||
|- | |||
| morning || manhana | |||
|- | |||
| noon || meyu-diya | |||
|- | |||
| afternoon || tarde | |||
|- | |||
| evening || serán | |||
|- | |||
| dusk || ocás | |||
|- | |||
| night || nueit | |||
|- | |||
| midnight || meya-nueit | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Units of time - ''Unitás del tiempu'' | |||
! English !! Essanian | |||
|- | |||
| second || secondu | |||
|- | |||
| minute || minut | |||
|- | |||
| hour || ora; sagha (pl: saghat) | |||
|- | |||
| day || día | |||
|- | |||
| week || semana | |||
|- | |||
| month || mes | |||
|- | |||
| season || çachón | |||
|- | |||
| year || anh | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Time adverbs - ''Adverbos temporales'' | |||
! English !! Essanian | |||
|- | |||
| now || agora | |||
|- | |||
| then || alora, entonce | |||
|- | |||
| recently, a short time ago || adiés | |||
|- | |||
| earlier || antes | |||
|- | |||
| soon, shortly || ayina | |||
|- | |||
| later || lueco | |||
|- | |||
| always || siempre | |||
|- | |||
| often || sovent | |||
|- | |||
| sometimes || a veces | |||
|- | |||
| rarely || raro | |||
|- | |||
| never || nunca; jamás; ábadan | |||
|- | |||
| ever || ábadan | |||
|- | |||
| still, yet || awún; ancora | |||
|- | |||
| already || ja | |||
|- | |||
| today || wey | |||
|- | |||
| tonight || ça nueit | |||
|- | |||
| yesterday || ayer | |||
|- | |||
| last night || anueit | |||
|- | |||
| tomorrow || cras | |||
|- | |||
| before yesterday || antes d'ayer | |||
|- | |||
| two nights ago || antes d'anueit | |||
|- | |||
| after tomorrow || depues de cras | |||
|- | |||
| this week || ça semana | |||
|- | |||
| last week || la semana passata | |||
|- | |||
| next week || la semana próxima | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Colours - ''Los colores''=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Colours - ''Los colores'' | |||
! English !! Essanian | |||
|- | |||
| white || blancu | |||
|- | |||
| grey || gris | |||
|- | |||
| black || negru | |||
|- | |||
| red || vermelh | |||
|- | |||
| orange || anaranjat | |||
|- | |||
| brown || caçanh | |||
|- | |||
| yellow || amarielh | |||
|- | |||
| green || verde | |||
|- | |||
| blue || azur | |||
|- | |||
| pink || rosat | |||
|- | |||
| purple || rox | |||
|- | |||
| golden || dorat | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Example texts== | |||
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | |||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | |||
'''La Declarachón Universala de los Dreitos Umanos (Artícul 1)''' | |||
Totos los seros umanos naxen horros ed equalos en dinitá y dreitos. Son dotatos de rachón y conxencha, y deven comportar-sen los unos colos otros en ruhu de germantá. | |||
<p align=right> | |||
توتس لس سارس أمانس نشن حرس ءاد ءاكوالس ءان دنتاه إي دريتس. سون دتاتس دا رچون إي كنشنچه، إي داڤن كمپرتارسن لس أونس كلس أترس ءان روح دا جرمانتاه | |||
</p> | |||
/ˈtotos los ˈseɾos uˈmanos ˈnaʃen ˈhoros ed eˈkwalos en diniˈta i ˈdreitos ‖ son doˈtatos de raˈt͡ʃon i konˈʃent͡ʃa | i ˈdeven kompoɾˈtaɾsen los ˈunos ˈkolos ˈotɾos en ˈruhu de d͡ʒeɾmanˈta/ | /ˈtotos los ˈseɾos uˈmanos ˈnaʃen ˈhoros ed eˈkwalos en diniˈta i ˈdreitos ‖ son doˈtatos de raˈt͡ʃon i konˈʃent͡ʃa | i ˈdeven kompoɾˈtaɾsen los ˈunos ˈkolos ˈotɾos en ˈruhu de d͡ʒeɾmanˈta/ | ||
<!-- | |||
====Old Essanian==== | |||
Totos los seres humanos nascent ḥorros ed equales en dignitad i drehtos. Sont dotatos de rachón i consciencha, i devent comportar-se los unos con los outros en ruḥu de germantad.--> | |||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== |
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