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**Shared with Catalan and Portuguese.
**Shared with Catalan and Portuguese.
**E.g. IUVENE(M) > ''joven'' /ˈdʒoven/ "young" (Catalan ''jove'', Portuguese ''jovem'' vs. Spanish ''joven'', Asturian ''xoven'', Galician ''xove'', Aragonese ''choven'')
**E.g. IUVENE(M) > ''joven'' /ˈdʒoven/ "young" (Catalan ''jove'', Portuguese ''jovem'' vs. Spanish ''joven'', Asturian ''xoven'', Galician ''xove'', Aragonese ''choven'')
*Intervocalic -I-, -DI- become /j/.
*Intervocalic -I-, -DI- usually become /j/.
**Differs from Catalan and (sometimes) Galician/Portuguese.
**Differs from Catalan. However, there are many exceptions to this pattern.
**E.g. MAIORE(M) > ''mayor'' /maˈjor/ "bigger" (Spanish, Asturian ''mayor'', Galician/Portuguese ''maior'' vs Catalan ''major'').
**E.g. MAIORE(M) > ''mayor'' /maˈjor/ "bigger" (Spanish, Asturian ''mayor'', Galician/Portuguese ''maior'' vs Catalan ''major'').
:::HODIE > ''wey'' /wej/ "today" (Spanish ''hoy'', Asturian, Aragonese ''güe'', Catalan ''vui'' vs Portuguese ''hoje'', Galician ''hoxe'').
:::HODIE > ''wey'' /wej/ "today" (Spanish ''hoy'', Asturian, Aragonese ''güe'', Catalan ''avui'' vs Portuguese ''hoje'', Galician ''hoxe'').
:::FUGĪRE > ''fugir'' /fuˈʒiɾ/ "to flee" (Catalan, Portuguese ''fugir'', Asturian, Galician ''fuxir'' vs Spanish ''huir'').
*Diphthongization of stressed Ŏ & Ĕ to /we/ and /je/.
*Diphthongization of stressed Ŏ & Ĕ to /we/ and /je/.
**Shared with Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Spanish (except before yod),Catalan (only before yod).
**Shared with Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Spanish (except before yod),Catalan (only before yod).
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*Most masculine words ending in a consonant form their plural in ''-os''.
*Most masculine words ending in a consonant form their plural in ''-os''.
**Shared (to a limited extent) with Catalan.
**Shared (to a limited extent) with Catalan.
*Final -TIS in second person plural verbs became /θ/.
*Final -TIS in second person plural verbs became /θ/ (through intermediate stage /ts/).
**Shared with Aragonese.
**Shared with Aragonese.
*-B- in imperfect preserved as /v/ in all verb classes.
*-B- in imperfect preserved as /v/ in all verb classes.
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===Phonological history===
===Phonological history===
*Final vowel dropping:
*Final vowel dropping:
**''-u'' and ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''ç, d, l, lh, n, nh, r, s, ss, t, z''.
**''-u'' and ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''ç, d, l, lh, n, nh, r, s, t, z''.
**''-e'' but not ''-u'' dropped after post-vocalic ''c(h), t, x, y, nd, nt''.
**''-e'' but not ''-u'' dropped after post-vocalic ''c(h), t, x, y, nd, nt''.
**''-u'' but not ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''w''.
**''-u'' but not ''-e'' dropped after post-vocalic ''w''.
Line 1,074: Line 1,075:


====Number====
====Number====
Nouns may be singular or plural. Nouns may also be used in the dual, which is borrowed from Arabic.
Nouns may be singular or plural. Nouns may also occur in the dual, which is borrowed from Arabic.
=====Regular plurals=====
====='''Regular plurals'''=====
Nouns are pluralized based on their ending and gender as follows:
Nouns are pluralized based on their ending and gender as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
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|}
|}


=====Irregular plurals=====
====='''Irregular plurals'''=====
Some words, mostly of Arabic origin, take a plural in ''-ín'' (masculine) or ''-(w)at'' (feminine). There are also some broken plurals.
Some words, mostly of Arabic origin, take a plural in ''-ín'' (masculine) or ''-(w)at'' (feminine). There are also some broken plurals.


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***Simple pluperfect (''el plus-que-perfeit simple'')
***Simple pluperfect (''el plus-que-perfeit simple'')
**Compound tenses (''tiempos compueços''):
**Compound tenses (''tiempos compueços''):
***Past perfect (''el passat compueç'')
***Present perfect (''el passat compueç'')
***Compound pluperfect (''el plus-que-perfeit compueç'')
***Compound pluperfect (''el plus-que-perfeit compueç'')
***Future perfect (''el futur compueç'')
***Future perfect (''el futur compueç'')
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====Verb conjugation====
====Verb conjugation====
=====Non-finite forms=====
Note that second person polite forms always take third person verb conjugations
====='''Non-finite forms'''=====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center
|+ Non-finite forms of regular verbs
|+ Non-finite forms of regular verbs
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|-
|-
! Gerundive
! Gerundive
| -ando || colspan="2"|-iendo²
| -ando || -endo || -indo
|-
|-
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''


¹ ''-er'' verbs may form their past participle in ''-ut'' instead of ''-it'' (this is considered archaic). Additionally, many ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs have irregular past participles (which often are also considered archaic).
¹ ''-er'' verbs may form their past participle in ''-ut'' instead of ''-it'' (this is considered archaic). Additionally, many ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs have irregular past participles, which may or may not coexist with regular forms.
<!--
² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''.-->


² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''.
====='''Simple tenses (indicative)'''=====
=====Simple tenses (indicative)=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Simple tenses (regular ''-ar'' verbs)
|+ Simple indicative tenses (regular ''-ar'' verbs)
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| -en || -aven || -én || -arán || -areven || -eren
| -en || -aven || -ón || -arán || -areven || -eren
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Simple tenses (regular ''-er'' verbs)
|+ Simple indicative tenses (regular ''-er'' verbs)
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! 3S
! 3S
| -(e) || -eva || -ió || -erá || -ereva || -iera
| -(e)¹ || -eva || -ió || -erá || -ereva || -iera
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
Line 1,407: Line 1,410:
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| -en || -even || -ién || -erán || -ereven || -ieren
| -en || -even || -ión || -erán || -ereven || -ieren
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Simple tenses (regular ''-er'' verbs)
|+ Simple indicative tenses (regular ''-ir'' verbs)
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! 3S
! 3S
| -(e) || -iva || -ió || -irá || -ireva || -iera
| -(e)¹ || -iva || -ió || -irá || -ireva || -iera
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
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|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| -en || -iven || -ién || -irán || -ireven || -ieren
| -en || -iven || -ión || -irán || -ireven || -ieren
|-
|-
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''
¹ The final ''-e'' in the 3S present of ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs is dropped after certain consonants.
¹ The final ''-e'' in the 3S present of ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs is dropped after certain consonants.
<!--
² When an ending begins in a rising diphthong (''-i-'' + vowel), ''-i-'' is dropped after palatal consonants and merges with a preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-y-''.-->


² When ''-i-'' is a glide, it is dropped after palatal consonants and it merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-y-''.
====='''Simple tenses (subjunctive)'''=====
 
³ The future may have an irregular stem before ''-r-'' formed by contraction. The conditional always has the same stem as the future.
#The preterite may have an irregular stem, in which case the endings are as below:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! Person/<br />Number !! Ending
|+ Simple subjunctive tenses (regular ''-ar'' verbs)
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Future
|-
|-
!1S
! 1S
| -i
| -e || -esse || -ere
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2S
| -es
| -as || -essas || -eras
|-
|-
!3S
! 3S
| -o
| -e || -esse || -ere
|-
|-
!1P
! 1P
| -én
| -én || -essan || -eran
|-
|-
!2P
! 2P
| -ez
| -ez || -éssaz || -éraz
|-
|-
!3P
! 3P
| -én
| -an || -essan || -eran
|-
|-
|}
|}
The pluperfect stem is always formed by removing ''-s'' from the 2S preterite and adding the endings in ''-ra, -res'', etc.


⁴ Second person polite forms always take third person verb conjugations.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
 
|+ Simple subjunctive tenses (regular ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs)
==Syntax==
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Future
===Constituent order===
|-
===Noun phrase===
! 1S
===Verb phrase===
| -a || -iesse || -iere
===Sentence phrase===
|-
===Dependent clauses===
! 2S
<!-- etc. etc. -->
| -as || -iessas || -ieras
|-
! 3S
| -a || -iesse || -iere
|-
! 1P
| -án || -iessan || -ieran
|-
! 2P
| -az || -iéssaz || -iéraz
|-
! 3P
| -an || -iessan || -ieran
|-
|}
====='''Imperative'''=====
*'''Affirmative:'''
**'''2S:''' Same as 3S present indicative.
**'''2P:''' Same as infinitive, with final ''-r'' replaced with ''-t''.
**'''Other persons:''' Same as corresponding present subjunctive.
*'''Negative:''' Same as corresponding present subjunctive.
====='''Compound tenses'''=====
Compound tenses are formed with the verb ''aver'' "to have" followed by the past participle. They differ from each other according to the tense of the auxiliary verb.
*Non-finite forms:
**Perfect infinitive: ''aver'' + participle
**Perfect participle: participle of ''aver'' + participle
**Perfect gerundive: ''avendo'' + participle
*Indicative:
**Present perfect: present of ''aver'' + participle
**Compound pluperfect: imperfect of ''aver'' + participle
**Future perfect: future of ''aver'' + participle
**Conditional perfect: conditional of ''aver'' + participle
*Subjunctive:
**Perfect subjunctive: present subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle
**Pluperfect subjunctive: imperfect subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle
**Future perfect subjunctive: future subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle
<!---
====='''Periphrastic tenses'''=====
In addition to the usual simple and compound tenses, there are additional periphrastic tenses formed with auxiliary verbs. These can themselves take any simple or compound tense.-->


==Example texts==
====='''Passive'''=====
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
Formed with the appropriate conjugation of ''ser'' with the appropriately declined form of the past participle.
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
'''La Declarachón Universala de los Dreitos Umanos (Artícul 1)'''


Totos los seros umanos naxen horros ed equalos en dinitá y dreitos. Son dotatos de rachón y conxencha, y deven comportar-sen los unos colos otros en ruhu de germantá.
It can also be used as a pseudopassive, especially with intransitive verbs. In this case, the participle is always in the neuter.


<p align=right>
====Irregular verbs====
توتس لس سارس أمانس نشن حرس ءاد ءاكوالس ءان دنتاه إي دريتس. سون دتاتس دا رچون إي كنشنچه، إي داڤن كمپرتارسن لس أونس كلس أترس ءان روح دا جرمانتاه
====='''General notes'''=====
</p>
*Stem-changing verbs have predictable sound changes when the stem is stressed. Common varieties include:
**''-o-'' > ''-ue-''
**''-e-'' > ''-ie-''
**''-ch-'' > ''-it-''
*Many verbs have an irregular 1S present indicative form. When this occurs, this irregular stem is also used to form the present subjunctive. In the case of stem-changing verbs, stem vowel changes still apply.
*The future may have an irregular stem before ''-r-'' (usually formed by contraction). This happens especially often with ''-er'' verbs. The conditional always has the same stem as the future.
*The preterite may have an irregular stem, in which case the endings are as below (with a few exceptions):
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! Person/Number !! Preterite ending
|-
!1S
| -i
|-
! 2S
| -es
|-
!3S
| -o
|-
!1P
| -én
|-
!2P
| -ez
|-
!3P
| -on
|-
|}
:The pluperfect indicative, imperfect subjunctive, and future subjunctive stems are always formed by removing ''-n'' from the 1P preterite indicative and adding the appropriate endings starting from the consonant.
*Regular verbs whose stems end in ''-c-, -g-, -qu-, -gu-, -qü-, -gü-, -ch-'' have spelling changes in order to maintain the same pronunciation in front of front and back vowels, as per the table below:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! Phoneme !! Before front vowels !! Before back vowels !! Remarks
|-
| /k/
| qu || c ||
|-
| /tʃ/
| c || ch || Becomes ''-ch'' when word-final.
|-
| /ɡ ~ ɣ/
| gu || g ||
|-
| /dʒ ~ ʒ/
| g || j || This spelling change does not apply if the infinitive is spelled with ''-j-'', in which case ''-j-'' spelling is maintained in all forms.
|-
| /kw/
| qü || qu ||
|-
| /ɡw ~ ɣw/
| gü || gu ||
|}
:Note that many verbs ending in ''-cer, -cir, -ger, -gir'' irregularly maintain their spelling in the 1S present indicative with the corresponding pronunciation change.
<!--
*There are various verbs ending in ''-uyir/-uwir''. These verbs, as well as ''oyir/owir'' "to hear" have two forms: a mostly regular form in ''-yir'', and a form in ''-wir'' with an irregular present indicative in the 1S and a present subjunctive where the ''-w-'' is replaced with ''-y-''.-->
 
====='''The verb ''ser'' "to be"'''=====
The verb ''ser'' "to be" is highly irregular.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''ser'' "to be"
! Infinitive
| ser
|-
! Participle
| sit/sitos, sita/sites, sito; <br/>
sut/sutos, suta/sutes, suto¹
|-
! Gerundive
| sendo
|-
|}
¹ Archaic
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''ser'' "to be"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect
|-
! 1S
| so || yera || fui || seré || sereva || fuera
|-
! 2S
| yes || yeres || fues || serás || sereves || fueres
|-
! 3S
| ye || yera || fue || será || sereva || fuera
|-
! 1P
| son/sen || yeren || fuen || serén || sereven || fueren
|-
! 2P
| soz/sez || yérez || fuez || serez || serévez || fuérez
|-
! 3P
| son || yeren || fuen || serán || sereven || fueren
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''ser'' "to be"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future subj. !! Imperative aff.
|-
! 1S
| siya || fuesse || fuere || —
|-
! 2S
| siyas || fuessas || fueras || sé
|-
! 3S
| siya || fuesse || fuere || siya
|-
! 1P
| siyán || fuessan || fueran || siyán
|-
! 2P
| siyaz || fuéssaz || fuéraz || set
|-
! 3P
| siyan || fuessan || fueran || siyan
|-
|}
 
====='''The verb ''aver'' "to be"'''=====
The verb ''aver'' "to have" is an important irregular verb.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''aver'' "to have"
! Infinitive
| aver
|-
! Participle
| avit/avitos, avita/avites, avito; <br />
avut/avutos, avuta/avutes, avuto¹
|-
! Gerundive
| avendo
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''aver'' "to have"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite² !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect²
|-
! 1S
| e || eva || ovi || avré || avreva || overa
|-
! 2S
| as || eves || oves || avrás || avreves || overes
|-
! 3S
| a || eva || ovo || avrá || avreva || overa
|-
! 1P
| avén || even || ovén || avrén || avreven || overen
|-
! 2P
| avez || évez || ovez || avrez || avrévez || ovérez
|-
! 3P
| an || even || ovon || avrán || avreven || overen
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''aver'' "to have"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj.² !! Future subj.² !! Imperative aff.
|-
! 1S
| aya || ovesse || overe || —
|-
! 2S
| ayas || ovessas || overas || a
|-
! 3S
| aya || ovesse || overe || aya
|-
! 1P
| ayán || ovessan || overan || ayán
|-
! 2P
| ayaz || ovéssaz || ovéraz || avet
|-
! 3P
| ayan || ovessan || overan || ayan
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
 
¹ Participles in ''-ut-'' are considered archaic.
 
² The irregular preterite is shown here. A regular preterite (''aví, aviés,'' etc.) can alternatively be used, in which case the pluperfect indicative, imperfect subjunctive, and future subjunctive likewise become regular.
 
====='''The verb ''andar'' "to go"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''andar'' "to go"
! Infinitive
| andar
|-
! Participle
| andat/andatos, andata/andates, andato
|-
! Gerundive
| andando
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''andar'' "to go"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect
|-
! 1S
| vo || andava || andé || iré || ireva || andera
|-
! 2S
| vas || andaves || andés || irás || ireves || anderes
|-
! 3S
| va || andava || andó || irá || ireva || andera
|-
! 1P
| andán || andaven || andén || irén || ireven || anderen
|-
! 2P
| andaz || andávez || andez || irez || irévez || andérez
|-
! 3P
| van || andaven || andón || irán || ireven || anderen
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''andar'' "to go"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj.³ !! Future subj.³ !! Imperative aff.
|-
! 1S
| vaya || andesse || andere || —
|-
! 2S
| vayas || andessas || anderas || anda
|-
! 3S
| vaya || andesse || andere || vaya
|-
! 1P
| vayán || andessan || anderan || vayán
|-
! 2P
| vayaz || andéssaz || andéraz || andat
|-
! 3P
| vayan || andessan || anderan || vayan
|-
|}
 
====='''The verb ''facer'' "to do, make"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make"
! Infinitive
| facer
|-
! Participle
| feit/feitos, feita/feites, feito
|-
! Gerundive
| facendo
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect
|-
! 1S
| faco || feva || fici || faré || fareva || ficera
|-
! 2S
| fas || feves || fices || farás || fareves || ficeres
|-
! 3S
| fa || feva || ficho || fará || fareva || ficera
|-
! 1P
| facén || feven || ficén || farén || fareven || ficeren
|-
! 2P
| facez || févez || ficez || farez || farévez || ficérez
|-
! 3P
| fan || feven || fichon || farán || fareven || ficeren
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future subj. !! Imperative aff.
|-
! 1S
| faca || ficesse || ficere || —
|-
! 2S
| facas || ficessas || ficeras || fa
|-
! 3S
| faca || ficesse || ficere || faca
|-
! 1P
| facán || ficessan || ficeran || facán
|-
! 2P
| facaz || ficéssaz || ficéraz || facet
|-
! 3P
| facan || ficessan || ficeran || facan
|-
|}
 
====='''The verb ''dicer'' "to say"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''dicer'' "to say"
! Infinitive
| dicer
|-
! Participle
| dit/ditos, dita/dites, dito
|-
! Gerundive
| dicendo
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''dicer'' "to say"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect
|-
! 1S
| dico || diva || dixi || diré || direva || dixera
|-
! 2S
| dices || dives || dixes || dirás || direves || dixeres
|-
! 3S
| dich || diva || dixo || dirá || direva || dixera
|-
! 1P
| dicén || diven || dixén || dirén || direven || dixeren
|-
! 2P
| dicez || dívez || dixez || direz || dirévez || dixérez
|-
! 3P
| dicen || diven || dixon || dirán || direven || dixeren
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''dicer'' "to say"
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future subj. !! Imperative aff.
|-
! 1S
| dica || dixesse || dixere || —
|-
! 2S
| dicas || dixessas || dixeras || di
|-
! 3S
| dica || dixesse || dixere || dica
|-
! 1P
| dicán || dixessan || dixeran || dicán
|-
! 2P
| dicaz || dixéssaz || dixéraz || dicet
|-
! 3P
| dican || dixessan || dixeran || dican
|-
|}
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''Tiempu''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''Les çachones''
! English !! Essanian
|-
| spring || el verán
|-
| summer || el çiw
|-
| fall || l'otonh
|-
| winter || l'inviernu
|-
|}
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Hijri Months - ''Los mesos hijrís''
! English !! Essanian
|-
| Muharram || muhárram
|-
| Safar || sáfar
|-
| Rabi' al-Awwal || rabigh primer
|-
| Rabi' ath-Thani || rabigh second
|-
| Jumada al-Ula || jumada primera
|-
| Jumada al-Akhirah || jumada seconda
|-
| Rajab || rájab
|-
| Sha'ban || xaghbán
|-
| Ramadan || ramadán
|-
| Shawwal || xawal
|-
| Dhu'l-Qa'dah || zulcaghda
|-
| Dhu'l-Hijjah || zulhaja
|-
|}-->
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Greogorian months - ''Los mesos gregorianos''
! English !! Essanian
|-
| January || gener
|-
| February || fevrer
|-
| March || marchu
|-
| April || abril
|-
| May || mayu
|-
| June || junh
|-
| July || julhet
|-
| August || agoç
|-
| September || setiembre
|-
| October || ochombre
|-
| November || noviembre
|-
| December || deciembre
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Los diyes de la semana''
! English !! Essanian
|-
| Sunday || ahad
|-
| Monday || eçnén
|-
| Tuesday || çalaça
|-
| Wednesday || arbagha
|-
| Thursday || hamís
|-
| Friday || jumgha
|-
| Saturday || sabte
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Los partes del diya''
! English !! Essanian
|-
| day || diya
|-
| dawn || alba
|-
| morning || manhana
|-
| noon || meyu-diya
|-
| afternoon || tarde
|-
| evening || serán
|-
| dusk || ocás
|-
| night || nueit
|-
| midnight || meya-nueit
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Unitás del tiempu''
! English !! Essanian
|-
| second || secondu
|-
| minute || minut
|-
| hour || ora; sagha (pl: saghat)
|-
| day || día
|-
| week || semana
|-
| month || mes
|-
| season || çachón
|-
| year || anh
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Adverbos temporales''
! English !! Essanian
|-
| now || agora
|-
| then || alora, entonce
|-
| recently, a short time ago || adiés
|-
| earlier || antes
|-
| soon, shortly || ayina
|-
| later || lueco
|-
| always || siempre
|-
| often || sovent
|-
| sometimes || a veces
|-
| rarely || raro
|-
| never || nunca; jamás; ábadan
|-
| ever || ábadan
|-
| still, yet || awún; ancora
|-
| already || ja
|-
| today || wey
|-
| tonight || ça nueit
|-
| yesterday || ayer
|-
| last night || anueit
|-
| tomorrow || cras
|-
| before yesterday || antes d'ayer
|-
| two nights ago || antes d'anueit
|-
| after tomorrow || depues de cras
|-
| this week || ça semana
|-
| last week || la semana passata
|-
| next week || la semana próxima
|-
|}
 
===Colours - ''Los colores''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Los colores''
! English !! Essanian
|-
| white || blancu
|-
| grey || gris
|-
| black || negru
|-
| red || vermelh
|-
| orange || anaranjat
|-
| brown || caçanh
|-
| yellow || amarielh
|-
| green || verde
|-
| blue || azur
|-
| pink || rosat
|-
| purple || rox
|-
| golden || dorat
|-
|}
 
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
'''La Declarachón Universala de los Dreitos Umanos (Artícul 1)'''
 
Totos los seros umanos naxen horros ed equalos en dinitá y dreitos. Son dotatos de rachón y conxencha, y deven comportar-sen los unos colos otros en ruhu de germantá.
 
<p align=right>
توتس لس سارس أمانس نشن حرس ءاد ءاكوالس ءان دنتاه إي دريتس. سون دتاتس دا رچون إي كنشنچه، إي داڤن كمپرتارسن لس أونس كلس أترس ءان روح دا جرمانتاه
</p>


/ˈtotos los ˈseɾos uˈmanos ˈnaʃen ˈhoros ed eˈkwalos en diniˈta i ˈdreitos ‖ son doˈtatos de raˈt͡ʃon i konˈʃent͡ʃa | i ˈdeven kompoɾˈtaɾsen los ˈunos ˈkolos ˈotɾos en ˈruhu de d͡ʒeɾmanˈta/
/ˈtotos los ˈseɾos uˈmanos ˈnaʃen ˈhoros ed eˈkwalos en diniˈta i ˈdreitos ‖ son doˈtatos de raˈt͡ʃon i konˈʃent͡ʃa | i ˈdeven kompoɾˈtaɾsen los ˈunos ˈkolos ˈotɾos en ˈruhu de d͡ʒeɾmanˈta/
<!--
====Old Essanian====
Totos los seres humanos nascent ḥorros ed equales en dignitad i drehtos. Sont dotatos de rachón i consciencha, i devent comportar-se los unos con los outros en ruḥu de germantad.-->


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
Shariifka
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