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Essanian: Difference between revisions
→Compound tenses
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**Pluperfect subjunctive: imperfect subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle | **Pluperfect subjunctive: imperfect subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle | ||
**Future perfect subjunctive: future subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle | **Future perfect subjunctive: future subjunctive of ''aver'' + participle | ||
====Irregular verbs==== | |||
*Stem-changing verbs have predictable sound changes when the stem is stressed. Common varieties include: | |||
**''-o-'' > ''-ue-'' | |||
**''-e-'' > ''-ie-'' | |||
**''-ch-'' > ''-it-'' | |||
*Many verbs have an irregular 1S present indicative form. When this occurs, this irregular stem is also used to form the present subjunctive. In the case of stem-changing verbs, stem vowel changes still apply. | |||
*The future may have an irregular stem before ''-r-'' formed by contraction. This happens especially often with ''-er'' verbs. The conditional always has the same stem as the future. | |||
*The preterite may have an irregular stem, in which case the endings are as below (with a few exceptions): | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
! Person/Number !! Preterite ending | |||
|- | |||
!1S | |||
| -i | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| -es | |||
|- | |||
!3S | |||
| -o | |||
|- | |||
!1P | |||
| -ién | |||
|- | |||
!2P | |||
| -iez | |||
|- | |||
!3P | |||
| -ién | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
:The pluperfect indicative, imperfect subjunctive, and future subjunctive stems are always formed by removing ''-s'' from the 2S preterite and adding the appropriate endings starting from the consonant. | |||
*Regular verbs whose stems end in ''-c-, -g-, -qu-, -gu-, -qü-, -gü-, -ch-'' have spelling changes in order to maintain the same pronunciation in front of front and back vowels, as per the table below. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
! Phoneme !! Before front vowels !! Before back vowels !! Remarks | |||
|- | |||
| /k/ | |||
| qu || c || | |||
|- | |||
| /tʃ/ | |||
| c || ch || Becomes ''-ch'' when word-final. | |||
|- | |||
| /ɡ ~ ɣ/ | |||
| gu || g || | |||
|- | |||
| /dʒ ~ ʒ/ | |||
| g || j || This spelling change does not apply if the infinitive is spelled with ''-j-'', in which case this spelling is maintained. | |||
|- | |||
| /kw/ | |||
| qü || qu || | |||
|- | |||
| /ɡw ~ ɣw/ | |||
| gü || gu || | |||
|} | |||
:Note that many verbs ending in ''-cer, -cir'' irregularly maintain their spelling in the 1S present indicative with the corresponding pronunciation change. | |||
<!-- | |||
*There are various verbs ending in ''-uyir/-uwir''. These verbs, as well as ''oyir/owir'' "to hear" have two forms: a mostly regular form in ''-yir'', and a form in ''-wir'' with an irregular present indicative in the 1S and a present subjunctive where the ''-w-'' is replaced with ''-y-''.--> | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||