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Evonish: Difference between revisions
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'''Evonish''' is a [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic language]] of the Evonen language branch. It is based on [[w:General American pronunciation|General American phonology]] and uses grammar that descends far from Common Germanic, but in its own branch. The wordstock has many influences of [[w:Celtic languages|Celtic languages]], and has [[a priori]] features. The elder form is the runic Old Evonish, which was less standardized but had featured greater [[w:morphology|morphology]]. The two languages split on 25 May 2012 and will differentiate more over time. The | '''Evonish''' is a [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic language]] of the Evonen language branch. It is based on [[w:General American pronunciation|General American phonology]] and uses grammar that descends far from Common Germanic, but in its own branch. The wordstock has many influences of [[w:Celtic languages|Celtic languages]], [[w:Slavic languages|Slavic languages]], and has [[a priori]] features. The elder form is the runic Old Evonish, which was less standardized but had featured greater [[w:morphology|morphology]]. The two languages split on 25 May 2012 and will differentiate more over time. The objectives of Evonish are: | ||
*to reinstitute old features of Germanic | |||
*to preserve Celtic vocabulary | |||
*to eliminate any and all need for interpretation by context | |||
*to create a left-hand friendly writing system | |||
''Tables are horizontally flipped intentionally.'' | |||
{{ClassMeter | {{ClassMeter | ||
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===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Parenthesis indicate allophones. | Parenthesis indicate allophones. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial | ! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental | ! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Parenthesis indicate allophones. The following table includes the rhotic vowels as well. | Parenthesis indicate allophones. The following table includes the rhotic vowels as well. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Front | ! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Front | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Near-front | ! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Near-front | ||
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===Alphabet=== | ===Alphabet=== | ||
The twenty-eight letter Evonish alphabet is a modified Latin alphabet that contains the following characters. | The twenty-eight letter Evonish alphabet is a modified Latin alphabet that contains the following characters. | ||
a, p b, c, j, t, d, þ, ð, e, f, v, k, g, h, i, y, l, m, n, o, r, s, z, u, ƕ, w, x. | *a, p b, c, j, t, d, þ, ð, e, f, v, k, g, h, i, y, l, m, n, o, r, s, z, u, ƕ, w, x. | ||
The [[IPA for Evonish]] is sorely out of date, and is subject to change soon. | |||
===Diacritics=== | ===Diacritics=== | ||
Certain letters with the diaeresis will be used to express umlaut. The umlauts can be rewritten as the standard vowel with an e after. These can be entered with an international keyboard, or copied. | Certain letters with the diaeresis will be used to express umlaut. The umlauts can be rewritten as the standard vowel with an e after. These can be entered with an international keyboard, or copied. | ||
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aa - /a/, ee - /e/, ii - /i/, oo - /o/, uu - /u/, yy - /ai/ | aa - /a/, ee - /e/, ii - /i/, oo - /o/, uu - /u/, yy - /ai/ | ||
==Pronouns== | ==Pro-forms== | ||
===Pronouns=== | |||
Personal pronouns feature a combination of the Germanic, h-stem, i-stem, and s-stem in third person. The sole relative pronoun is [TBD]. | Personal pronouns feature a combination of the Germanic, h-stem, i-stem, and s-stem in third person. The sole relative pronoun is [TBD]. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; " | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; " | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==Determiners== | ===Determiners=== | ||
The negative article is understood as indefinite; there is no negative definite article so the verb of the sentence is negated instead. | The negative article is understood as indefinite; there is no negative definite article so the verb of the sentence is negated instead. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Further Pro-forms=== | |||
===Table of Correlatives=== | |||
===Quantifiers=== | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Adjective=== | ===Adjective=== | ||
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* Comparative: -err | * Comparative: -err | ||
* Superlative: -est | * Superlative: -est | ||
===Noun=== | ===Noun=== | ||
Old Evonish contained two more cases and three genders. Their declension depends upon case, gender, and number. Gender is a special factor in Evonish; a word does not determine a gender, rather a selected gender determines a different word. For example, a stone in common gender may be an igneous rock while a stone in neuter may be a sedimentary rock. The plural genitive ending is used in compound words much like kennings. | Old Evonish contained two more cases and three genders. Their declension depends upon case, gender, and number. Gender is a special factor in Evonish; a word does not determine a gender, rather a selected gender determines a different word. For example, a stone in common gender may be an igneous rock while a stone in neuter may be a sedimentary rock. The plural genitive ending is used in compound words much like kennings. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Umlaut=== | |||
Umlaut is a process that occured after Proto-Germanic. It has led to the vowel change of many words and often creates pairs of semantically and grammatically similar words. | |||
Occurrences: | |||
*Certain plurals of strong nouns | |||
*Genitive and dative singular of some nouns | |||
*Second and third person singular indicative of some verbs | |||
*Comparatives and superlatives | |||
*Derivative verbs (of nouns) | |||
*Causative verbs | |||
*Abstract nouns with the -þ suffix | |||
*Nouns with the -enn feminine suffix | |||
===Verb=== | ===Verb=== | ||
Verbs or verb forms in quotes are either an English equivalent or a work in progress. The infinitives of the frequentative aspects are -eln and -ern. The infinitive form in Evonish is the lemma form of the verb, meaning it is the one used in dictionaries. The primary aspects are simple, perfect, progressive, habitual, and frequentative. Simple aspect is used for: | Verbs or verb forms in quotes are either an English equivalent or a work in progress. The infinitives of the frequentative aspects are -eln and -ern. The infinitive form in Evonish is the lemma form of the verb, meaning it is the one used in dictionaries. The primary aspects are simple, perfect, progressive, habitual, and frequentative. Simple aspect is used for: | ||
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| supine | | supine | ||
|} | |} | ||
Future is generally expressed by giving a time, or is implied in context with the simple present tense. There are auxiliary verbs that are standard as well. | Future is generally expressed by giving a time, or is implied in context with the simple present tense. There are auxiliary verbs that are standard as well. First Person: "I shall", "we shall". Second Person: "thou wilt", "ye will". Third Person: "he goes", "we go". The particle [TBD] after the main verb negates the verb. The following table shows the conjugation of the verb fällen, a weak 1 class verb. The auxiliary verbs in the table are the verbs used with the participles to form two different aspects. | ||
The particle | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px; " | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 500px; " | ||
!Weak | !Weak | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Participle | !Participle | ||
!Auxiliary | |||
!Positive | !Positive | ||
!Negative | !Negative | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Active | !Active | ||
!"to be" | |||
|fällend | |fällend | ||
|nefällend | |nefällend | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Passive | !Passive | ||
!"to have" | |||
|gefälled | |gefälled | ||
|unfälled | |unfälled | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Mood | !Mood | ||
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! rowspan="3" |Nonpast | ! rowspan="3" |Nonpast | ||
| colspan="1" |fälle | | colspan="1" |fälle | ||
| colspan="1" | | | colspan="1" |[TBD] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="1" |fällest | | colspan="1" |fällest | ||
| colspan="1" | | | colspan="1" |[TBD] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="1" |fälleþ | | colspan="1" |fälleþ | ||
| colspan="1" | | | colspan="1" |[TBD] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" |Past | ! rowspan="3" |Past | ||
| colspan="1" |fälled | | colspan="1" |fälled | ||
| colspan="1" | | | colspan="1" |[TBD] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |[TBD] | ||
| | |[TBD] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |[TBD] | ||
| | |[TBD] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" |Subjunctive | ! rowspan="2" |Subjunctive | ||
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===Word Order=== | ===Word Order=== | ||
The standard word order is SVO and is V2. Questions without interrogative pronouns(yes or no) have verb first and subject second. | The standard word order is SVO and is V2. Questions without interrogative pronouns(yes or no) have verb first and subject second. | ||
Dependent clauses have this special word order: Subject - Indirect Object - Direct Object - Instrument - Verb. | Dependent clauses have this special word order: Subject - Indirect Object - Direct Object - Instrument - Verb. Relative clauses have their own. | ||
Relative clauses have their own. | |||
==Dictionary== | ==Dictionary== | ||
{{Kinship | {{Kinship | ||
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==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
Lorem Ipsum. | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Germanic]] | [[Category:Germanic]] | ||
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[[Category:Evonen languages]] | [[Category:Evonen languages]] | ||
[[Category:Evonish]] | [[Category:Evonish]] | ||