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→‎Allophony: very minor
m (no more worldbuilding, i do not like it)
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|pronunciation_key = IPA for Fruwi
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Fruwi
|created          = 2022
|created          = 2022
|familycolor      = Fruwi baro
|familycolor      = Fruwi-Poresa
|fam2              = Fruwi Ban baro
|ancestor1        = Early Proto-Fruwi
|ancestor1        = Proto-Fruwi
|ancestor2        = Late Proto-Fruwi
|ancestor2        = Fruwi Ban
|creator          = Webcloud
|creator          = Webcloud
|dia1              =  Sontrai Ban
|dia1              =  Sontrai Ban
Line 20: Line 19:


<!--  
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To do:
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
* add word for 'if'
 
* intergrate evidentiality into the conlang
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
* fix and finish allophonology
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.


-->
-->
<!--
Language tree, with a tree of language evolution, and upside down tree of language classification


video of tree of language classification, different frames = evolution, dead versions not shown
-->


==Introduction==
==Introduction==


Fruwi is a engineered non-naturalistic a-priori constructed language, that tries to be logical at times.
Fruwi is a engineered non-naturalistic a-priori constructed language, that tries to be logical at times.
The language has two main dialects, Haishi and Sontrai. The Haishi dialects may seem easier to humans or much easier to english speakers, because of the base-10 number system, lack of conjugation, and more english-like phonology, though this is a coincidence.  
The language has two main dialects, Haishi and Sontrai. The Haishi dialects may seem easier english speakers, because of the base-10 number system, lack of conjugation, and more english-like phonology, though this is a coincidence.
 
Fruwi is a agglutinative analytic language, because while verbs may be aggluutinative, and while nouns have one suffix for plurals, the syntax generally has many unbound morphemes. Though the Haishi dialects are more isolating, they are still agglutinative and analytic.
Its allignment is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%E2%80%93stative_alignment active-stative].
Its word order is either SVO or SOV. While SVO is used informally, SOV is used formally.
The head direction is mixed. While the heading of both adpositional and verb phrases is [to do].
===Creation===
===Creation===
I created a language called ol fruwi (sic); which now with a few adjustments has become Proto-Fruwi, in mid 2022. An early version of Fruwi, Standard, then known as oñ Fruwi was published to Conlang Fandom Early 2023.
I created a language called ol fruwi (sic); which now with a few adjustments has become Proto-Fruwi, in mid 2022. An early version of Fruwi, Standard, then known as oñ Fruwi was published to Conlang Fandom Early 2023.
===Type===
===Type===
It is supposed to be a sort of engineered conlang without worldbuilding, though Webcloud, late, realized that they need a universe if they want words for times, dates, and other sorts of words.
It is a sort of engineered conlang without worldbuilding.
The language is not supposed to be naturalistic, and will veer from most major languages many times.
The language is not supposed to be naturalistic, and will veer from most major languages many times.
It is an a-priori language, meaning it does not specifically take any vocabulary from any real life languages.
It is an a-priori language, meaning it does not specifically take any vocabulary from any real life languages, though this is partly false, because it has a second lexicon that has only words borrowed from real languages.
==Evolution==
==Evolution==
<!-- insert image here -->
[[File:Fruwi_Evolution_Tree.png|250px|thumb|left|Tree of the Evolution of Fruwi, starting from Early Proto-Fruwi]]
Early-Proto Fruwi also is made up of 7-Pre fruwi languages, not shown in the image.
The arrows indicate that the languages were not evolved from the languages, but have been affected in some way, like borrowing a large amount of vocabulary, or affecting sound changes, or even affecting the name.
===Etymology===
===Etymology===
The name of the language Fruwi, comes from Proto-Fruwi's "ou fruwis".
The name of the language Fruwi, comes from Late Proto-Fruwi's own name "(ou) fruwis", which was also derived from Early Proto-Fruwi /poresa/. The word poresa presumably came from the 7 Pre-Fruwi Languages.
the languages derived from it, have derived names
the languages derived from it have derived names such as Rfuij, but Rfwi also was borowed from the name of Fruwi. Other languages, like Russo, got a new name, but languages like Funris-ox was also derived from Late Proto-Fruwi's name.
 
===Lexicon===
The language has two lexicons, a priori and a posteriori.
The original, and larger lexicon is called: Lexicon a priori, and the words mostly come from Late Proto-Fruwi.
Though there is a Lexicon a posteriori, for words that come from humans, which will be adopted and evolved into every related language except Funris-ox.
The Lexicon a priori is split into two lexicons: Late Lexicon; for words that could have only emerged in Late Proto-Fruwi, and the Early Lexicon; For words that could have emerged in Early Proto-Fruwi. This is because many words in Fruwi <!--& Russo & Funris--> do not have a syllable structure that could have evolved from Early Proto-Fruwi, but they could have emerged Late Proto-Fruwi. This is not to say the Early Lexicon words all emerged in Early Proto-Fruwi, as they could have emerged earlier or later, and the words in Late Proto-Fruwi could have also emerged later, but obviously not later.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
====Standard Fruwi====
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="7" | Phonemes or diaphonemes; biggest phonology of all dialects
! colspan="7" | Phonemes or diaphonemes; biggest phonology of all dialects
|-
|-
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical
|-
|-
| Nasal                  || m      || n      ||        || (ɲ)    || ŋ      ||  
| Nasal                  || m      || n      ||        || ŋ      ||  
|-
|-
| Lenis Stop            || p      || t      ||        || (c)    || k      || ʡ
| Lenis Stop            || p      || t      ||        || k      || rowspan="2" | ʡ
|-
|-
| Fortis Stop            || pʰ    || tʰ      ||        || (cʰ)  || kʰ     || ʡ
| Fortis Stop            || pʰ    || tʰ      ||        || kʰ
|-
|-
| Lenis Fricative        || ɸ      || s      ||        ||        || χ      || ħ
| Lenis Fricative        || ɸ      || s      ||        || χ      || rowspan="2" | ħ
|-
|-
| Fortis Fricative      || β      || z      ||        ||        || ʁ     || ħ
| Fortis Fricative      || β      || z      ||        || ʁ
|-
|-
| Lenis Affricate        ||        || t̆s      || t̆ʃ    ||        ||        ||  
| Lenis Affricate        ||        || t̆s      || t̆ʃ    ||        ||  
|-
|-
| Fortis Affricate      ||        || d̆z      || d̆ʒ    ||        ||        ||  
| Fortis Affricate      ||        || d̆z      || d̆ʒ    ||        ||  
|-
|-
| Trill                  ||        || r      ||        ||        ||        ||  
| Trill                  ||        || r      ||        ||        ||  
|-  
|-  
| Approximant            || ʷ      ||         || (ɹ̠ʲ)  || j      || w      ||
| Approximant            ||       || l      || j      || w      ||  
|-
| Lateral Approximant    ||        || l      ||        || (ʎ)    || (ʟ)    ||  
|}
|}


Line 83: Line 83:
! colspan="7" | Transcribers
! colspan="7" | Transcribers
|-
|-
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical
|-
|-
| Special Lenis Stop    || b      || d      ||        || (ɟ)    || g      ||  
| Special Lenis Stop    || b      || d      ||        || g      ||  
|-
|-
| Special Fortis Stop    || bʰ    || dʰ      ||        || (ɟʰ)  || gʰ    ||  
| Special Fortis Stop    || bʰ    || dʰ      ||        || gʰ    ||  
|}
|}
Notes:  
Basic dialectical variation
* /ŋ, k, kʰ/→[ɲ, c, cʰ] before /i, e/
* Sontrai Ban; Differences from Standard:
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
** s > θ, z > ð
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
** t̆ʃ > ʂ, d̆ʒ > ʐ
* /l/→[ʟ] near /w, u, o/
** χ > x, ʁ > ɣ
* /V/→[Ṽ] near /m, n, ŋ/
* Sontrai Tun; Differences from Standard:
** /oŋ/→[õŋ], /orŋ/→[õrŋ], /ŋjo/→[ŋjõ], but: /oŋfu/→[õŋfu]
** s > θ, z > ð
* /ŋ/→[ɴ] CODA
** t̆s > s, d̆z > z
** /oŋ/→[õɴ]
** ʡ > k
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, p, pʰ, ɸ, β/
** χ, ħ > x, ʁ > ɣ
** /ɸru/→[ɸrᵝuᵝ], but: /ɸruwi/→[ɸrᵝuᵝwi]
* Haishi Ban; Differences from Standard:
* /V<sub>high</sub>, Approximant/→[V<sub>high</sub>ʷ, Aʷ] near /w/, and not already already bilabialized or labiodentalized
** p, t, k > b, d, g
** /wi/→[wiʷ], but: /wa/→[wa], /we/→[we], also but: /ɸwi/→[ɸwᵝiᵝ]
** TRANSCRIBERS: b, d, g > p, t, k
* Syllable: /Approximant, Trill, Radical, Vowel/→ same voicing as closest consonant
** ɸ > f , β > v
** /sr/→[sr̊], /zr/→[zr̬], /ɸru/→[ɸr̊ᵝůᵝ]
** t̆ʃ > ʃ , d̆ʒ > ʒ
'''Be careful, rounding is not bilabializing or labiodentalizing!'''
** χ, ʁ, ʡ, ħ  > x
====Sontrai Ban====
* Haishi Tun; Differences from Standard:
** p, t, k > b̥, d̥, g̊
** ɸ  > f , β  > v
** t̆ʃ > ʃ , d̆ʒ > ʒ
** t̆s > t̆ʃ, d̆z > d̆ʒ
** χ, ʁ, ʡ, ħ  > ɣ
 
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="7" | Phonemes
! colspan="6" | Standard Fruwi Phonemes and Diaphonemes
|-
|-
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical
| Placement || Front || Center || Back
|-
|-
| Nasal                  || m     || n̪      ||        || (ɲ)    || ŋ      ||
| High      || i     ||        || u
|-
|-
| Lenis Stop            || p     || t      ||        || (c)    || k     || ʡ
| Mid      || e     || ə     || o
|-
|-
| Fortis Stop            || pʰ    || tʰ     ||       || (cʰ)  || kʰ    || ʡ
| Low      ||       || a     ||  
|}
* //ae, ao, ai, au, əi, əu, ei, eu, oi, ou// are the only possible diphthongs<br>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="17" | Fruwi Vowel Phonemes and Diaphonemes
|-
|-
| Lenis Fricative        || ɸ      || θ      || ʂ      ||       || x      || ħ
| Diaphonemes || a  || ə || e || o || i || u || ae || ao || ai || au || əi || əu || ei || eu || oi || ou
|-
|-
| Fortis Fricative      || β      || ð      || ʐ      ||       || ɣ      || ħ
| Standard    || a~ä || ə || e̞ || o̞ || i || u || ɑe || æo || ɑi || æu || ɘi || ɵu || ɛi || ɛu || ɔi || ɔu
|-
|-
| Lenis Affricate        ||       || t̆s      ||       ||       ||       ||  
| Sontrai Ban || ä  || œ || e || o̞ || i || u || äe || äo || äi || äu || œi || œu || ɘi || ɘu || ɔi || ɔu
|-
|-
| Fortis Affricate      ||       || d̆z      ||       ||       ||       ||  
| Sontrai Tun || a~ä || ɨ || e̞ || o̞ || ɪ || ʊ || äe || ao || äi || au || ɪi || ʊu || ɛi || ɛu || ɔi || ɔu
|-
|-
| Trill                  ||       || r      ||       ||       ||       ||  
| Haishi Ban  || a~ä || ɑ || e̞ || o̞ || i || u || ɑɛ || äɔ || æi || äu || ɑi || ɑu || ɛi || ɛu || ɔi || ɔu
|-
| Approximant            || ʷ      ||         || (ɻ)    || j      || w      ||  
|-
|-
| Lateral Approximant    ||       || l      ||       || (ʎ)    || (ʟ)    ||  
| Haishi Tun  || æ  || ʌ || e̞ || o || i || ʉ || ɑe || ao || äi || au || ʌi || ʌu || ei || ø || ɵi || ɵu
|}
|}  
=== Stress and intonation ===
All syllables are pronounced as the same length; there is no Lexical stress. This is similar to French and Georgian.
Though, when prosodic stress is involved, the first syllable of the prosodical word becomes extra stressed.


{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
==== Interrogatives ====
! colspan="7" | Transcribers
* The word for what, '''<>''', has a rising intonation /↗︎/,
|-
** Though, if it is the subject of a sentence, everything on from the verb has a falling intonation /↘︎/
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical
* The words for yes and no, '''<>''', both have a falling intonation /↘︎/
|-
** Though, the final "or not", '''<>''', found in yes-no questions, has a rising intonation /↗︎/
| Special Lenis Stop    || b      || d      ||        || (ɟ)    || g      ||
|-
| Special Fortis Stop    || bʰ    || dʰ      ||        || (ɟʰ)  || gʰ    ||
|}
Notes:
* /ŋ, g, kʰ/→[ɲ, ɟ, cʰ] before /i, e/
* /r/→[ɻ] next to /ʂ, ʐ/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
* /V/→[Ṽ] near /m, n, ŋ/
** /oŋ/→[õŋ], /orŋ/→[õrŋ], /ŋjo/→[ŋjõ], but: /oŋfu/→[õŋfu]
* /ŋ/→[ɴ] CODA
** /oŋ/→[õɴ]
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, p, pʰ, ɸ, β/
** /ɸru/→[ɸrᵝuᵝ], but: /ɸruwi/→[ɸrᵝuᵝwi]
* /V<sub>high</sub>, Approximant/→[V<sub>high</sub>ʷ, Aʷ] near /w/, and not already already bilabialized or labiodentalized
** /wi/→[wiʷ], but: /wa/→[wa], /we/→[we], also but: /ɸwi/→[ɸwᵝiᵝ]
* Syllable: /Approximant, Trill, Radical, Vowel/→ same voicing as closest consonant
** /sr/→[sr̊], /zr/→[zr̬], /ɸru/→[ɸr̊ᵝůᵝ]
'''Be careful, rounding is not bilabializing or labiodentalizing!'''


Changes:
==== Determiners ====
* s > θ, z > ð
{| class="wikitable"  
* t̆ʃ > ʂ, d̆ʒ > ʐ
* χ > x, ʁ > ɣ
====Haishi Ban====
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="7" | Phonemes
|-
|-
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical
! colspan="4" | Prosodic stress for disambiguating sentences:
|-
|-
| Nasal                  || m      || n      ||       || (ɲ)   || ŋ      ||  
| 1)
| ''Everything'' > something
| 2)
| Everything > ''something''
|-
|-
| Lenis Stop            || b      || d      ||        || (ɟ)   || g      || ʡ
| ∃y∀x P(x, y)
| ''Ada'' > Anón
| ∀x∃y P(x, y)
| Ada > ''Anón''
|-
|-
| Fortis Stop            || pʰ    || tʰ      ||        || (cʰ)  || kʰ    || ʡ
| colspan="2" | For something, everything > it
| colspan="2" | For everything, it > something
|-
|-
| Lenis Fricative        || f      || s      || ʃ      ||        || x      || ħ
| 1)
| ''Every'' dog loves some toys
| 2)
| Every dog loves ''some'' toys
|-
|-
| Fortis Fricative      || v      || z      || ʒ      ||        ||        || ħ
| ∃y∈Toy∀x∈Dog Love(x, y)
| ''ada'' DOG LOVE anón TOY
| ∀x∈Dog∃y∈Toy Love(x, y)
| ada DOG LOVE ''anón'' TOY
|-
|-
| Lenis Affricate        ||        ||        || t̆ʃ    ||        ||        ||
| colspan="2" | For something (Toy), everything (Dog) loves it
|-
| colspan="2" | For everything (Dog) , it loves something (Toy)
| Fortis Affricate      ||        ||        || d̆ʒ    ||        ||        ||
|-
| Approximant            || ʷ      || ɹ      || (ɹ̠ʲ)   || j      || w      ||
|-
| Lateral Approximant    ||        || l      ||        || (ʎ)   || (ɫ)   ||
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="7" | Transcribers
|-
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical
|-
| Special Lenis Stop    || p      || t      ||        || (c)    || k      ||
|-
| Special Fortis Stop    || bʰ    || dʰ      ||        || (ɟʰ)  || gʰ    ||
|}
Notes:
* /ŋ, g, kʰ/→[ɲ, ɟ, cʰ] before /i, e/
* /ɹ/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ, ʃ, ʒ/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
* /V/→[Ṽ] near /m, n, ŋ/
** /oŋ/→[õŋ], /oɹŋ/→[õɹŋ], /ŋjo/→[ŋjõ], but: /oŋfu/→[õŋfu]
* /ŋ/→[ɴ] CODA
** /oŋ/→[õɴ]
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, b, pʰ/
** /bɹu/→[bɹᵝuᵝ], but: /bɹuwi/→[bɹᵝuᵝwi]
* /C, V/→[Cᵛ, Vᵛ] near /f, v/
** /fɹu/→[fɹᵛuᵛ], but: /fɹuwi/→[fɹᵛuᵛwi]
* /V<sub>high</sub>, Approximant/→[V<sub>high</sub>ʷ, Aʷ] near /w/, and not already bilabialized or labiodentalized
** /wi/→[wiʷ], but: /wa/→[wa], /we/→[we], also but: /fwi/→[fwᵛiᵛ]
* Syllable: /Approximant, Trill, Radical, Vowel/→ same voicing as closest consonant
** /sɹ/→[sɹ̊], /zɹ/→[zɹ̬], /fɹu/→[fɹ̊ᵛůᵛ]
'''Be careful, rounding is not bilabializing or labiodentalizing!'''


Changes:
* ɸ  > f , β  > v
* t̆ʃ > ʃ , d̆ʒ > ʒ
* t̆s > t̆ʃ, d̆z > d̆ʒ
* χ  > x , ʁ  > x
Haishi Tun:
* χ  > ɣ , ʁ  > ɣ
* V<sub>voiceless</sub> > V<sub>voiced</sub>
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="6" | Standard Fruwi Phonemes and Diaphonemes
|-
| Placement || Front || Center || Back
|-
| High      || i      ||        || u
|-
| Mid      || e      || ə      || o
|-
| Low      ||        || a      ||
|}
Notes:
* /V/→[Vᵝ] near /m, p, pʰ, ɸ, β/
** /ɸu/→[ɸuᵝ], /bu/→[buᵝ]
* /V/→[Cᵛ, Vᵛ] near /f, v/
** /fu/→[fɹᵛuᵛ]
* /V<sub>high</sub>, Approximant/→[V<sub>high</sub>ʷ, Aʷ] near /w/, and not already bilabialized or labiodentalized
** /wi/→[wiʷ], but: /wa/→[wa], /we/→[we], also but: /ɸwi/→[ɸwᵝiᵝ], /fwi/→[fwᵛiᵛ],
Dialects:
* Standard; //ə, e, o//→/ə, e̞, o̞/
* Sontrai; -//ə, e, o//→/œ, e, o̞/(Ban)
* Sontrai; -//ə, e, o//→/ɨ, e̞, o̞/(Tun)
* Haishi; --//ə, e, o//→/ɑ, e̞, o̞/(Ban)
* Haishi; --//ə, e, o//→/ʌ, e̞, o/(Tun)
===Stress and intonation===
All syllables are pronounced as the same length; there is no Lexical stress. This is similar to French and Georgian.
Though, when prosodic stress is involved, the first syllable of the prosodical word becomes extra stressed.
* The word for what, '''<>''', has a rising intonation /↗︎/,
* Though, if it is the subject of a sentence, everything on from the verb has a falling intonation /↘︎/
* The words for yes and no, '''<>''', both have a falling intonation /↘︎/
* Though, the final "or not", '''<>''', found in yes-no questions, also has a rising intonation /↗︎/
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
syllable structure is: (C)(C)V(V)(C)(C)
syllable structure is: (C)²V(V)(C)²
a more specific version is:  (CA)V(V)(RC) & GV(V)
a more specific version is:  (C)(A)V(V)(R)(C) & GV(V)


A = //w, r, l, j// approximant
A = //w, r, l, j// approximant
Line 277: Line 204:
* ambisyllabic:      /ħalat/ /ħamat/  
* ambisyllabic:      /ħalat/ /ħamat/  
* separate syllable:  /ħa.mlat/
* separate syllable:  /ħa.mlat/
 
===Allophony===
ae, ao, ai, au, ʌi, ʌu, ei, eu, oi, ou are the only possible diphthongs<br>
{| class="wikitable"; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="5" | Allophony in Fruwi
|-
|Standard Dialect:
| Sontrai Ban:
| Sontrai Tun:
| Haishi Ban:
| Haishi Tun:
|-
| colspan="3" | Palatal shifting
* /ŋ, k, kʰ/ → [ɲ, c, cʰ] near /j, i, e/
** /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /ki/ → [ci], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ]
** /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ik/ → [ic], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ]
** /kʰja/ → [cʰja], /kja/ → [cja], /ŋja/ → [ɲj̃ã]
* /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
| colspan="2" | Palatal shifting
* /ŋ, k, g/ → [ɲ, c, ɟ] near /j, i, e/
** /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /gi/ → [ɟi], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ]
** /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ig/ → [iɟ], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ]
** /kʰj(V)/ → [cʰj(V)], /gj(V)/ → [ɟj(V)], /ŋj/ → [ɲj̃(Ṽ)]
* /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
|-
| Approximants
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
* /l/→[ʟ] near /w, u, o/
| Approximants
* /r/→[ɻ] next to /ʂ, ʐ/
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
| Approximants
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
| Approximants
* /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /ʃ, ʒ/
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/
| Approximants
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /ʃ, ʒ, t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/
* /l/→[ɔ] near /w, u, o/
|-
| colspan = "5" | Nasalize
* /V/→[Ṽ] near /m, n, ŋ/
** /oŋ/→[õŋ], /orŋ/→[õrŋ], /ŋwo/→[ŋw̃õ]
** but: /oŋtu/→[õŋtu]
* /ŋ/→[ɴ] CODA, except near /j, i, e/
** /oŋ/→[õɴ]
|-
| colspan="3" | Labials
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, p, pʰ, ɸ, β/
** /ɸru/→[ɸrᵝuᵝ], but: /ɸruwi/→[ɸrᵝuᵝwi]
* /V<sub>high</sub>, Approximant/→[V<sub>high</sub>ʷ, Aʷ] near /w/, and not already already bilabialized or labiodentalized
** /wi/→[wiʷ], but: /wa/→[wa], /we/→[we], also but: /ɸwi/→[ɸwᵝiᵝ]
* Syllable: /Approximant, Trill, Radical, Vowel/→ same voicing as closest consonant
** /sr/→[sr̊], /zr/→[zr̬], /ɸru/→[ɸr̊ᵝůᵝ]
| colspan="2" | Labials
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, b, pʰ/
** /bɹu/→[bɹᵝuᵝ], but: /bɹuwi/→[bɹᵝuᵝwi]
* /C, V/→[Cᵛ, Vᵛ] near /f, v/
** /fɹu/→[fɹᵛuᵛ], but: /fɹuwi/→[fɹᵛuᵛwi]
* /V<sub>high</sub>, Approximant/→[V<sub>high</sub>ʷ, Aʷ] near /w/, and not already bilabialized or labiodentalized
** /wi/→[wiʷ], but: /wa/→[wa], /we/→[we], also but: /fwi/→[fwᵛiᵛ]
* Syllable: /Approximant, Trill, Radical/→ same voicing as closest consonant
** /sr/→[sr̊], /zr/→[zr̬] /fru/→[fr̊ᵛuᵛ]
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Be careful, rounding is not bilabializing or labiodentalizing!'''
|}


===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonotactics===
===Morphophonotactics===
Final syllable's onset may only be glottal in uncountable nouns (only I class nouns can be uncountable), this is because uncountable nouns cannot have final codas
Final syllable's onset may only be glottal in uncountable nouns (only I class nouns can be uncountable), this is because uncountable nouns cannot have final codas
==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Fruwi may be written in any any writing system, though it needs to have enough letters for the phonology. The writing system needs not be bicameral, but it is good (not necessary) to have for determiners and pronouns that are differentiated by case in writing.
===Romanization===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="7" | Consonant Orthography based on Standard Fruwi
! colspan="6" | Consonant Orthography based on Standard Fruwi
|-
|-
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal ||Palatal || Dorsal
|-
|-
| Nasal                  || m      || n      ||        ||       || ñ
| Nasal                  || m      || n      ||        || nh
|-
|-
| Lenis Stop            || b      || d      ||        ||        || g
| Lenis Stop            || b      || d      ||        || g
|-
|-
| Fortis Stop            || p      || t      ||        ||        || k
| Fortis Stop            || p      || t      ||        || k
|-
|-
| Lenis Fricative        || f      || s      ||        ||        || x
| Lenis Fricative        || f      || s      ||        || x
|-
|-
| Fortis Fricative      || v      || z      ||        ||        || q
| Fortis Fricative      || v      || z      ||        || q
|-
|-
| Lenis Affricate        ||        || c      || ch    ||        ||  
| Lenis Affricate        ||        || c      || ch    ||  
|-
|-
| Fortis Affricate      ||        || j      || jh    ||        ||  
| Fortis Affricate      ||        || j      || jh    ||  
|-
|-
| Trill                  ||        || r      ||        ||        ||  
| Trill                  ||        || r      ||        ||  
|-  
|-  
| Approximant            ||        ||         ||        || y      || w
| Approximant            ||        || l      || y      || w
|-
| Lateral Approximant    ||        || l      ||        ||        ||
|}
|}
 
ch, jh, nh also have many ways of writing them:
* c̃, j̃, ñ
* č, ǰ, ň
* c̄, j̄, n̄
* ć, j́, ń
* ĉ, ĵ, ĵ
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="7" | Consonant Orthography based on Standard Fruwi Transcribers
! colspan="7" | Consonant Orthography based on Standard Fruwi Transcribers
Line 315: Line 314:
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal || Medial ||Palatal || Dorsal
|-
|-
| Special Lenis Stop    || ʮb     || ʮd       ||        ||        || ʮg
| Special Lenis Stop    || bh     || dh       ||        ||        || gh
|-
|-
| Special Fortis Stop    || ʮp     || ʮt       ||        ||        || ʮk
| Special Fortis Stop    || ph     || th       ||        ||        || kh
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
Line 338: Line 337:
Vowels at the start of a word need not have macrons, they are always open unless they have radical in front.<br>
Vowels at the start of a word need not have macrons, they are always open unless they have radical in front.<br>
Vowels with macrons only written after other vowels:  
Vowels with macrons only written after other vowels:  
* <alenta> /a.len.ta/ and <alēnta> /al.en.ta/ are the same, but correct spelling is alenta, while correct pronunciation is /al.en.ta/ (ambigious/ambisyllabic)
* <alenta> /a.len.ta/ and <alēnta> /al.en.ta/ are the same, but correct spelling is alenta, while the correct pronunciation is /al.en.ta/ (ambigious/ambisyllabic)
* <almenta> /al.men.ta/ and <almēnta> /alm.en.ta/ are the same, but correct spelling is almenta, while correct pronunciation is /al.men.ta/ (ambigious)
* <almenta> /al.men.ta/ and <almēnta> /alm.en.ta/ are the same, but correct spelling is almenta, and the correct pronounciation is /al.men.ta/ (ambigious)
* <amlenta> /am.len.ta/ or /a.mlen.ta/ but <amlēnta> /aml.en.ta/ is not even possible by previous rules; and /am.len.ta/ is the correct pronounciation (ambigious)
====Punctuation====
* <almlenta> /al.mlen.ta/ or /alm.len.ta/ but <almlēnta> /alml.en.ta/ is not even possible by previous rules; and /alm.len.ta/ is the correct pronounciation (ambigious)
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="4" | Complete Punctuation
|-
| Use            || Indicatives || Interrogatives || Imperatives
|-
| Name in Fruwi  ||            ||                ||
|-
| Name in English || Period      || Question Mark  || Explanation Mark
|-
| Punctuation    || .          || ?              || !
|}
* ! is not used in the same way as in English, but is used in all Imperative sentences
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="8" | Phrasal Punctuation
|-
| Use            || Quotations      || Embedded Quotations  || Serial Lists || Coordinating Conjunctions || Interjections ||  Appositives || Asides
|-
| Name in Fruwi  ||                ||                      ||              ||                          ||              ||              ||
|-
| Name in English || Quotation Mark  || Single Quotation Mark || Comma        || Comma                    || Semicolon    || Virgules    || Semicolons
|-
| Punctuation    || «TEXT»          || «‹TEXT›TEXT»          || ,            || ,                        || ;            || /TEXT/       || ;TEXT;
|}
* Appositives are used in this way:
** X is Y. X does Z. => X, Y, does Z; My sister is Alice Smith. My sister likes jelly beans => My sister, Alice Smith, likes jelly beans.
* Interjections go at end of sentence always
* I do not know know how Asides, Appositives, and Interjections will work except for this
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="3" | Numeral Punctuation
|-
| Use            || Grouping    || Decimal Point
|-
| Name in Fruwi  ||              ||
|-
| Name in English || Comma        || Semicolons
|-
| Punctuation    || 1,234,56789  || 01234;5;67890
|}
* Numbers are written very differently: 11,265,353.15464253 => 11,26535;3;15464,253
 
==Morphology ==
=== Genders ===
[[File:Fruwi_Genders.png|250px|thumb|left|Genders of Fruwi]]
Fruwi has 4 genders, which may be better described as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animacy Animacy].
While most of the time meaning doesn't change drastically because of gender, words can change enough to be bad; for example, one of the words for friend, and the word or pet are the same except for the last vowel representing gender.
The gender system is very similar to that of proto-fruwi. Until Fruwi, Names weren't Abstract, but were the class of the things they named.


==Morphology==
There may be a fourth gender evolving in some dialects between the natural and derived, that includes minutes, events, locations, and the divine.
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
 
Notes on the Image;
* The divine may be any gender except for Abstract. The divine is for stuff like gods, spirits, mythological creatures...
* Naturalized means symbols; objectified abstract things <!--- insert Example --->
* "plants" also includes large Fungi
* Minutes are tiny/microscopic things that move; They can be Either Natural or Derived Gender - also depends on dialect]
* Events could mean holidays, meetings, thunderstorms, or similar
* Animated means things that have been given souls, zoomorphized  <!--- insert Example --->
* Personified is what it says; example: country-balls :D
 
the 4 vowels for the genders are i, e, a, o
* Naturalized, Animated, and Personified exist by just changing the gender suffix
* When changing genders, you can not have middle ones; ex Ci, Ca, but no Ce, Co
=== Prepositions ===
all prepositions end in -o to combine with the articles
 
They combine like such:
* co + ol = c'ol
* ído + onh = íd'onh
* premo + onhi = prem'onhi
 
they may also combine with some predeterminers, as those come before articles
* bo + ada c'ol = b'ada c'ol
* premo + ogo c'onhe = prem'ogo c'onhe
The direct object marker "no" , which is optional, is also a preposition
* Syoó yiso ole vale => Syoó yiso n'ole vale
 
=== Determiners ===
==== Indefinite Determiners (Pre) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="3" | Indefinite Determiners
! UNIVERSAL
! NEGATIVE
! ADDITIONAL
! ??
! ??
! EXISTENTIAL
|-
| ada
| ogo
| okeq
| aqʌr
| ʌchar
| anón
|-
| all* <br> each* <br> every*
| none* <br> no*
| another* <br> additional*
| another* <br> different* <br> next*
| last* <br> previous*
| some* <br>
|}
* co (of) is added if there are any central or post-determiners
* almost suffix "-lV" for Universal & Negative (adla, oglo)
* additional* => less* suffix "pa" (keqpa)
==== Articles (Central) ====
Articles start with /o/, and they combine with prepositions, which end in /o/, similar to how French combines à le into au.
Articles do go before nouns.
Articles are given the gloss ART.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!DEF
!IDEF
|-
!O.Human
|olo
|oño
|-
!A.Living
|ola
|oña
|-
!E.Real
|ole
|oñe
|-
!I.Other
|oli
|oñi
|-
!N.Neuter
|ol
|oñ
|}
 
=== Pronouns ===
 
=== Collective Nouns/Classifiers ===
CL -   means collective and/or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics) classifier ]
 
the word "kal" is the collective
 
Articles and determiners go around the Collective if they are after it.
 
for example:
* kal mano: a group of people
* kal kal mano: a group of group of people
 
they have a use to differinciate between the collective and distributive
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distributive
| rowspan="4" | vs.
! Collective
|-
| 1) You can buy each of these items for $5 <br> = ...BUY ALL OF THESE THINGS FOR...
| 2) You can buy all of these items for $5 <br> = ...BUY THIS COL THING FOR...
|-
| 1) The three kids each have two ballons <br> = ...THE THREE KIDS ALL HAVE TWO....
| 1) The three kids have have two ballons <br> = ...THE THREE KIDS COL HAVE TWO...
|-
| Universal article is Distributive
| use Collective (in Nouns) to turn into collective
|}
They may stack infinitely
 
=== Nouns ===
Nouns are only declined for number, and diminutives. They already have gender inherently, so it doesn't count in my opinion.
{| class="wikitable"
!Number(Noun)
!Singular
!Plural
!Dimunitive
!Plural Dimumitive
|-
!<small>O.</small>
| -o
| -onh
| -or
| -ornh
|-
!<small>A.</small>
| -a
| -anh
| -ar
| -arnh
|-
!<small>E.</small>
| -e
| -enh
| -er
| -ernh
|-
!<small>I.</small>
| -i
| -inh
| -ir
| -irnh
|}
==== Irregular Nouns ====
 
==== Mass Nouns ====
All nouns are treated as countable nouns, an example of such a language is turkish. The default, like turkish,  is also plural.
 
For example:
 
* Goàñe, Meaning rice, is a mass noun, but treated as a countable noun
* The singular "Goàñe" may be translated into english as "a grain of rice"
* The plural, "Goàñeñ", may be translated as "rice"
 
=== Numbers & Numerals ===
 
 
=== Adjectives ===
 
== Verbs ==
{{main|Fruwi/Verbs}}
 
=== Derivational morphology ===
 
== Syntax ==
 
=== Word Order ===
The language is SVO in informal registers and SOV in formal registers.
 
=== Capitalization ===
* all Nouns
* many Pronouns
* all Numbers
* '''NOT''' Start of sentence
 
=== Alignment ===
The morphosyntactic alignment of the conlang is active-stative. (A=SA, O=SO ) It is fluid-S, having a prefix for volition. The language has many voices, including but not limited to active and stative, though impersonal verbs can’t have a stative voice.
 
=== Case ===
Nouns do not have case, but have a patientative prepositions. Many pronouns, though, have a a agentstive snd patientative case, which the “patientative” is also used in indirect objects.
 
=== Roles, Voices, & Cases ===
NP’s have roles, such as instrument, which determine where its position, such as subject, is in a sentence; based on voice, such as the instrumental voice.
 
While case for nouns doesn’t exist, pronouns have a agentative and a non-agentative case. Prepositions also do some work for showing the roles of the nouns, such as being used for all indirect objects. There’s even an optional preposition for the direct object.
 
The default  voice, active, is null, while the stative voice has a suffix for it. Other more complicated and poetic voices, such as the instrumental, are derived from putting the corresponding preposition before the sentence, included with the stative suffix. Sometimes, stative voice may also be written including the optional direct object preposition with the suffix.
 
=== Verb types/structures ===
* transitive verbs [A & O]
* intransitive verbs [S]
* unergative verbs [As]
* unaccusative verbs [Os]
* impersonal verbs [avalent]
Many transitive verbs have both unergative and unaccusative versions. While some are unergative when they have no volition prefix (underlyingly), and while some are unaccusative, some may even be ambiguous.


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
* Nouns
* Adjectives
* Verbs
* Adverbs
* Particles
* Derivational morphology
-->
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
====Noun phrase====
===Verb phrase===
====Verb phrase====
===Sentence phrase===
====Sentence phrase====
===Dependent clauses===
====Dependent clauses====
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Phrasal Stress==
==Phrasal Stress==
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