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|name = Gaju
|name = Gaju
|nativename = Gaju
|nativename = Gaju
|pronunciation = ['gäɟu]
|pronunciation = 'kä˩cu˥
|region = Southeast Asia
|region = Southeast Asia
|states = Rtuha, Uya, eastern Tyami, eastern Manamuki
|states = Rtuha, Uya, northern Ttyami, northeastern Umairri, eastern Manamuki
|setting = Rttirria
|setting = Rttirria
|speakers =  
|speakers = 928,000
|date = 2015
|fam1 = Rttirrian
|fam1 = Rttirrian
|fam2 = South Rttirrian
|fam2 = South Rttirrian
|fam3 = [[Old Gaju]]
|fam3 = [[Old Gaju]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially), Rttirri
|scripts = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially), Rttirri
}}
}}
'''Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Gaju: ['kä˩cu˥], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) is a minority language in [[Verse:Rttirria|Rttirria]], spoken by the Gaju people in the eastern part of the country. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern [[Rttirri]], the nation's official language.
'''Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Gaju: ['kä˩cu˥], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) is a minority language in [[Verse:Rttirria|Rttirria]], spoken by the Gaju people in the eastern part of the country. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern [[Rttirri]], the nation's official language.
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==History==
==History==
{{main|Old Gaju}}
:''See also: [[Proto-Rttirrian]] and [[Old Gaju]]''
Gaju is a member of the South Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian language family of [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]]; the dialects of Proto-South-Rttirrian that would become Gaju split off from those that would become Rttirri around the 3rd to 5th century CE, probably in southeastern Rttirria.
Gaju is a member of the South Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian language family of [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]]; the dialects of Proto-South-Rttirrian that would become Gaju split off from those that would become Rttirri around the 3rd to 5th century CE, probably in southeastern Rttirria.


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==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Gaju has historically featured very few of the [[w:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] and [[w:Arabic language|Arabic]] loanwords that abound in [[Rttirri]]. However, the Gaju community's close proximity to [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]] has given their language numerous loanwords from local languages, such as [[w:Burmese language|Burmese]], [[w:Thai language|Thai]], and the [[w:Karen languages|Karen]] languages. It has also taken on some loans from Rttirri.
Gaju has historically featured very few of the [[w:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] and [[w:Arabic language|Arabic]] loanwords that abound in [[Rttirri]]. However, the Gaju community's close proximity to [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]] has given their language numerous loanwords from local languages, such as [[w:Burmese language|Burmese]], [[w:Thai language|Thai]], and the [[w:Karen languages|Karen]] languages. It has also taken on some loans from Rttirri.
==Dialectology==
Being spoken over a smaller area and by far fewer people, Gaju is considered less dialectally diverse than Rttirri. However, differences exist in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.
===Urban Gaju===
:''See also: [[Rttirri#Eastern Rttirri|Eastern Rttirri]]''
Spoken by most Gajus closer to Rttirria's southern coast, such as in the far-eastern suburbs of Iharnara, Urban Gaju is characterized most notably by significant influence of [[Rttirri#Eastern Rttirri|the Eastern dialects of Rttirri]]. It is identified by the following features:
* Mergers between the voiceless consonants /m̥/ and /n̥/ and their voiced counterparts. Similarly, /ʍ/ may be merged into either /w/ or /f/, and /l̥/ into either /l/ or /t/. Younger speakers, women, and Gajus with weaker ethnic identification are more likely to show these mergers.
* Lowering of /ɛ/ to [æ], possibly with some rounding to [œ~ɶ̝].
* Raising of /ə/ to [ɘ~ɨ].
* Reversal of the original voiced stop > voiceless stop > aspirated stop chain shift, such that (for example) /t/ and /tʰ/ are now pronounced [d] and [t].
* Merger of /h/ into /x/.
* Significant flattening of the tone system, especially the higher tones; the high and rising tones, and the low and falling tones, may be merged altogether. Younger speakers, men, and Gajus with weaker ethnic identification show more deteriorated tone systems.
* Greater use of the female third-person singular pronoun ''hni'', including its inflected forms, which are often realized as ''hning'' (accusative) and ''hnìm'' (genitive) instead of ''hni ke'' and ''hni fóm''. Younger speakers will often suffix noun phrases referring to women or girls with these pronouns, which has convinced some Gaju scholars that Urban Gaju is taking on a [[w:grammatical gender|grammatical gender]] system.
:Na nam emshang-e bo-bạkạ.
:1SG.NOM PERF chicken-ACC PST-shoot
:I shot the rooster.
:Na nam emshang '''hning''' bo-bạkạ.
:1SG.NOM PERF chicken F.ACC PST-shoot
:I shot the hen.
===Jungle Gaju===
This dialect is spoken in the more remote and sparsely populated regions farther north, as well as in the mid-sized Rtuha city of Ppisinurtu. It is identified by the following features:
* Optional pronunciation of /l̥/ as the [[w:lateral fricative|lateral fricative]] [ɬ], and by analogy, /l/ as its voiced counterpart [ɮ]. This fricativization is generally avoided in loanwords, but especially common when preceding a syllable containing a voiceless consonant (only within the same lexical unit). As such, Gaju scholars believe the lateral approximants and lateral fricatives may be undergoing a [[w:phonemic split|phonemic split]].
* Downglides of front vowels to [a~ɐ~ə] before coda /m/, e.g. ''nim'' "around" [nia̯m˥]. Male speakers (of all ages) show higher and backer offglides than female speakers.
* Chain shift of back vowels downward before coda /n/ and /ŋ/:
:* /u/ > [o]
:* /o/ > [ɔ]
:* /ɔ/ > [ɑ~ɒ]
* Pronunciation of high back vowels (when not preceding a coda nasal) with a more unrounded articulation: /u/ as [ɯ] and /o/ as [ɤ].


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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:cat PERF Mary GEN lap-DAT PST-jump
:cat PERF Mary GEN lap-DAT PST-jump
:Motị nam Meợlị '''tan''' nakợtị-tyá bo-fala.
:Motị nam Meợrị '''tan''' nakợtị-tyá bo-fala.
:The cat jumped into Mary's lap.
:The cat jumped into Mary's lap.


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| ''di''
| ''di''
|}
|}
Pronouns are traditionally considered grammatically necessary, but, like in Japanese and other East and Southeast Asian languages, may be left out when obvious by context.
:Syâm-í nam ge do-tang.
:store-LOC PERF 3SG.ACC PST-find
:(I) found him at the store.


Genitive pronouns follow the nouns they modify. The third-person singular plural is a recent innovation, derived from ''fòkom'' ("there").
Genitive pronouns follow the nouns they modify. The third-person singular plural is a recent innovation, derived from ''fòkom'' ("there").
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===Relative and independent clauses===
===Relative and independent clauses===
Relative particles are marked with the particle ''ùùtyu'', which can be declined for case.
Relative particles are marked with the particle ''ợtyu'', which can be declined for case.


:Dáng demo ma ợtyu-'''ge''' na bu-pịpu?
:Dáng demo ma ợtyu-'''ge''' na bu-pịpu?
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:3SG.NOM PERF PST-say that 3SG.NOM home-DAT go-want.
:3SG.NOM PERF PST-say that 3SG.NOM home-DAT go-want.
:She said that she wanted to go home.
:She said that she wanted to go home.
==Sample text==
The [[w:Lord's Prayer|Lord's Prayer]] in Gaju, as translated by early Christian missionaries to Rttirria:
::{|
||'''English'''|| || '''Gaju'''
|-
||Our Father who art in heaven, || || <!--god-VOC FML 1PL.GEN heaven-LOC--> Fợtạkasă tya mạ tsạkunlí,
|-
||Hallowed be thy name. || || <!--name 2SG.GEN be holy--> Isho kọm tẹm amạ.
|-
||Thy kingdom come. || || <!--kingdom FML 2SG.GEN FUT-come--> Chalạ tya kọm nyicha.
|-
||Thy will be done || || <!--want-GER FML 2SG.GER FUT-happen--> Dẹngbum tya kọm nyichi
|-
||on earth as it is in heaven. || || <!--Earth-LOC as heaven-LOC--> Bomshulí mishu tsạkunlí.
|-
||Give us this day our daily bread, || || <!--1PL.DAT FML bread-ACC common IMP-give--> Matyá tya bomlame khămà
|-
||and forgive us our trespasses, || || <!--and error-ABL PL IMP-forgive--> pu kiwoma ma khăhnang
|-
||as we forgive those who trespass against us, || || <!--like 1PL.NOM person PL that 1PL-DAT err forgive--> mishu ma neng ợtyu matyá hmalu hnang
|-
||and lead us not into temptation, || || <!--and tempt-GER-DAT NEG IMP-lead--> pu wọkembumá nù khămihlang
|-
||but deliver us from evil. || || <!--but evil-ABL IMP-protect--> fa dắda khă hlo.
|}


==See also==
==See also==
Jukethatbox
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