Glommish/Old

Glommish/Old is the most recent common ancestor of Þiúdьsk and Ufirlandisg.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar
Nasal		m m	n n
Stop /Affricate	voiceless	p p	t t		k c~k
	voiced	b b	d d		g ɟ~g
Fricative		f f~v	þ θ~ð	s s~z	h ç~x~h
Resonant		w ʋ	r r	l l	j j

All consonants except *j can be allophonically palatalized before front vowels (*e *ē *ö *ȫ *i *ī *ü *ǖ *eu *iu). The palatalization is still allophonic in Glommish/Old but the allophonic palatalization may have been especially strong in k/g.

• -anz, -inz, -unz > -ąz, -įz, -ųz > -ār, -īr, -ūr

Vowels

a ā e ē əi i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu (e ē were probably very open, close to /æ æː/)

U-umlaut: a ā e ē i ī > o ō ö ȫ ü ǖ (from PGmc *a *ō/ā *e *ē *i *ī)

Vowel reflexes in stressed syllables:

a ā e ē ə̄ i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ au eu iu

Þiúd'sk: > a á ia/ie iá ý i í o ó ie ié iu iú i í ó ió iú

Ufirlandisg: > a ā ia(üe after w) iā(üē after w) ē(uō after w) i(ü after w) ī(ǖ after w) uo uō üe üē u ū ü ǖ au iau ieu

Morphology

Nouns

a-stem: wulfa (m.) 'wolf'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	wulfa	wulfār
Accusative	wulfa	wulfār
Genitive	wulfas	wulfā
Dative	wulfəi	wulfama
Instrumental	wulfā	wulfami

a-stem: juka (m.) 'yoke'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	juka	jukā
Genitive	jukas	jukā
Dative	jukəi	jukama
Instrumental	jukā	jukami

ā-stem: gefā (f.) 'gift'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	gefā	gefār
Genitive	gefār	gefā
Dative	gefāi	gefāma
Instrumental	gefā	gefāmi

i-stem: gasti (m.) 'guest'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	gasti	gastīr
Genitive	gastīr	gastijā
Dative	gastī	gastima
Instrumental	gastī	gastimi

i-stem: mari (n.) 'sea'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	mari	marī
Genitive	marīr	marjā
Dative	marī	marima
Instrumental	marī	marimi

Syntax