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→Preterite-present verbs
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====Preterite-present verbs==== | ====Preterite-present verbs==== | ||
Preterite-present verbs are special in that their present tense conjugates as a strong past. In the past tense, they take a dental suffix and conjugate as weak verbs. | Preterite-present verbs are special in that their present tense conjugates as a strong past. In the past tense, they take a dental suffix and conjugate as weak verbs. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Example of preterite-present verb: '''witen''' "to know" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Infinitive | |||
| colspan="4" | witen | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Present participle | |||
| colspan="4" | witend | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Past participle | |||
| colspan="4" | wist | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2"| Present !! colspan="2" | Past !! rowspan="2" | Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| wät || witje || wiste || wistje || wite | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| wäst || witjes || wistes || wistjes || wit | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| wät || witje || wiste || wistje || witeþ | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| witem || witjem || wistem || wistjem || witem | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| witets || witjets || wistets || wistjets || witets | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| witen || witjen || wisten || wistjen || witen | |||
|} | |||
Preterite-present verbs are a closed class of mostly modal verbs. They are listed with their principal parts in the table below: | Preterite-present verbs are a closed class of mostly modal verbs. They are listed with their principal parts in the table below: | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+ Preterite-present verbs | |+ Preterite-present verbs | ||
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! Infinitive !! 1S present <br />indicative !! Past participle !! Meaning !! Notes | ! Infinitive !! 1S present <br />indicative !! Past participle !! Meaning !! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| witen || wät || wist || to know || | | witen || wät || wist || to know (that) || rowspan="3" | All three verbs can be translated as "to know", but they have different usages. | ||
|- | |||
| lisen || läs || list || to know; to recognize; to be familiar (with) | |||
|- | |||
| kunnen || kann || kund || to know (how to) | |||
|- | |||
| þårben || þarb || þårft || to need (to); to have to; must; should || rowspan="3" | All 3 verbs can mean "to have to", but they have different usages. ''Þårben'' is used for requirements due to need, while ''skulen'' is used for requirements due to external factors (rules, laws, norms, commands, etc). ''Ägen'' is similar in meaning to ''skulen'' but more emphatic. | |||
|- | |||
| skulen || skal || skuld || to have to; to be required (to); must; should | |||
|- | |||
| ägen || äg || äht || to have to; to be obligated (to); must; to owe | |||
|- | |||
| magen || mag || maht || will; to be going to || Forms future tense. | |||
|- | |||
| dårsen || dars || dårst || to try (to) || | |||
|- | |||
| gedårsen || gedars || gedårst || to dare (to) || | |||
|- | |||
| dugen || dag || dåht || to succeed (in) || | |||
|- | |||
| munen || man || mund || to think (that); to believe (that) || | |||
|- | |||
| gemunen || geman || gemund || to remember || | |||
|- | |||
| fremunen || freman || fremund || to forget || | |||
|- | |||
| unnen || ann || und || to allow (to); to permit (to) || | |||
|- | |||
| frunnen || frann || frund || to forbid (from) || | |||
|- | |||
| benåhen || benah || benåht || to be allowed (to) || | |||
|- | |||
| genåhen || genah || genåht || to be enough; to suffice || | |||
|- | |||
| ogen || og || oht || to fear; to be afraid (of) | |||
|- | |||
| gemoten || gemot || gemost || to be able (to) || | |||
|} | |} | ||
--> | --> | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Preterite-present verbs | |||
|- | |||
! Infinitive !! 1S present <br />indicative !! Past participle !! Meaning !! style="width:400px" | Notes | |||
|- | |||
| witen || wät || wist || to know (that) || rowspan="3" |<!--''Kunnen'' means "to know how (to --> | |||
|- | |||
| lisen || läs || list || to know; to be familiar (with) | |||
|- | |||
| kunnen || kann || kund || to know (how to) | |||
|- | |||
| þårben || þarb || þårft || to need (to); to have to || rowspan="3" |''Þårben'' is used for requirements due to need, while ''skulen'' is used for requirements due to external factors (rules, laws, norms, commands, etc). ''Ägen'' is similar in meaning to ''skulen'' but more emphatic. | |||
|- | |||
| skulen || skal || skuld || to have to; to be required (to) | |||
|- | |||
| ägen || äg || äht || to have to; to be obligated (to) | |||
|- | |||
| magen || mag || maht || will || Forms future tense. | |||
|- | |||
| dårsen || dars || dårst || to try (to) || | |||
|- | |||
| gedårsen || gedars || gedårst || to dare (to) || | |||
|- | |||
| dugen || dag || dåht || to succeed (in) || | |||
|- | |||
| munen || man || mund || to think (that) || | |||
|- | |||
| gemunen || geman || gemund || to remember || | |||
|- | |||
| fremunen || freman || fremund || to forget || | |||
|- | |||
| unnen || ann || und || to allow (to) || | |||
|- | |||
| frunnen || frann || frund || to forbid (from) || | |||
|- | |||
| benåhen || benah || benåht || to be allowed (to) || | |||
|- | |||
| genåhen || genah || genåht || to suffice || | |||
|- | |||
| ogen || og || oht || to be afraid (of) | |||
|- | |||
| gemoten || gemot || gemost || to be able (to) || | |||
|} | |||
====Suppletive verbs==== | ====Suppletive verbs==== | ||