Gothedish: Difference between revisions

Gothedish is descended from Wulfila's Gothic or a closely related variety. The ancestors of the Gothedes lived somewhere around modern-day Romania. At some point in history (TBD), they spread throughout the area between the Balkan penninsula and Scandinavia.

! Latin (Lateinske) !! IPA !! Dialectal variants  !! Perso-Arabic (Arabske)  !! Old Gothic (Alþgutske) !! New Gothic (Neygutske) !! Cyrillic (Cyrillske) !! Examples  

|  A a || ɐ, aː<small>¹</small> || – || <big>ــَـ ، ــَا</big> || rowspan="2"|𐌰 || A a, Ā ā || А а (Я я),<br />А́ а́ (Я́ я́) ||  <i>h'''a'''nd</i> /h'''ɐ'''nt/ "hand", <i>'''a'''pel</i> /ˈ'''aː'''pl̩/ "apple"   

|  Á á; Â â || aː<small>¹</small> || – ||  <big> ــَا</big> || Ā ā; Â â || А́ а́ (Я́ я́) || <i>h'''á'''bde</i> /ˈh'''aː'''bdə/, <i>h'''â'''de</i> /ˈh'''aː'''də/ "had"

|  Ai ai || aɪ̯ || – || <big>ــَىْ</big> || 𐌰𐌾 || Ag ag || Ай ай (Яй яй) ||  <i>h'''ai'''ku</i> /ˈh'''aɪ̯'''kuː/ "haiku"

|  Au au || aʊ̯ || – || <big>ــَـوْ</big> || 𐌰𐍅 || Ay ay || Аў аў (Яў яў) ||  <i>'''au'''to</i> /ˈ'''aʊ̯'''toː/ "car"

|  Ä ä || æ, ɛː<small>¹</small> || ɛ, eː ||  <big>ــٰـ ، ــٰى</big> || rowspan="2"|𐌰𐌹 || Ai ai, Āi āi || Ѧ ѧ (Ѩ ѩ),<br />Ҍ ҍ (Ꙓ ꙓ) || <i>'''ä'''rþe</i> /ˈ'''æ'''rθə/ "earth", <i>'''ä'''n</i> /'''ɛː'''n/ "one"

|  Ea ea; Êa êa || ɛː<small>¹</small> || eː || <big> ــٰى</big> || Āi āi; Âi âi || Ҍ ҍ (Ꙓ ꙓ) || <i>l'''ea'''zde</i> /l'''ɛː'''zdə/ "crawled", <i>'''êa'''n</i> /'''ɛː'''n/ "property"

|  Å å || ɒ, ɔː<small>¹</small> || ɔ, oː || <big>ــٛـ ، ــٛو</big> || rowspan="2"|𐌰𐌿 || An an, Ān ān || Ѫ ѫ (Ѭ ѭ),<br />Ѡ ѡ (Іѡ іѡ) || <i>'''å'''ster</i> /ˈ'''ɒ'''str̩/ "east", <i>h'''å'''bed</i> /ˈh'''ɔː'''bəθ/ "head"

|  Oa oa; Ôa ôa || ɔː<small>¹</small> || oː  || <big> ــٛو</big> || Ān ān; Ân ân || Ѡ ѡ (Іѡ іѡ) || <i>l'''oa'''kde</i> /l'''ɔː'''ɡdə/ "lapped", <i>h'''ôa'''d</i> /h'''ɔː'''θ/ "head"

|  Åi åi || ɔɪ̯ || – || <big>ــٛـىْ</big> || 𐍉𐌾 || Ωg wg || Ѫй ѫй (Ѭй ѭй) ||  <i>'''åi'''!</i> /'''ɔɪ̯'''/ "oops!, ouch!"

|  B b || b, <small>V/NN</small>-f, <small>N</small>-p<small>²</small> || <small>V/NN</small>-v-<small>V</small> || <big>ب ، ف </big> || 𐌱 || B b || Б б || <i>'''b'''arn</i> /'''b'''ɐrn/ "child", <i>hlä'''b'''</i> /ɬɛː'''f'''/ "bread", <i>lam'''b'''</i> /lɐm'''p'''/ "sheep"

|  Bj bj || d͡ʒ, <small>V/NN</small>-ʃ, <small>N</small>-t͡ʃ<small>²</small> || ʒ || <big>ج ، ش </big> || 𐌱𐌾 || Bg bg || Бь бь || <i>gelå'''bj'''en</i> /ɡəˈlɒ'''d͡ʒ'''n̩/ "to believe", <i>gelå'''bj'''</i> /ɡəˈlɒ'''ʃ'''/ "believe (sg. imper.)", <i>ankum'''bj'''</i> /ˈaːŋkʊn'''t͡ʃ'''/ "relax (sg. imper.)

|  C c<small>³</small> || k, t͡s || – || – || – || – || К к; Ц ц || <i>'''c'''al'''c'''ien</i> /ˈ'''k'''ɐl'''t͡s'''in/ "calcium"

|  Ch ch || x || – || <big>خ </big> || 𐍇 || X x || Ӿ ӿ || <i>du'''ch'''an</i> /dʊˈ'''x'''aːn/ "smoke"

|  D d || d, <small>V</small>-θ, <small>C</small>-t<small>²</small> || <small>V</small>-ð-<small>V</small> || <big>د ، ث </big> || 𐌳 || D d || Д д || <i>'''d'''al</i> /'''d'''aːl/ "valley", <i>go'''d'''</i> /goː'''θ'''/ "good", <i>hun'''d'''</i> /hʊn'''t'''/ "dog"

|  Dj dj || z, <small>N</small>-d͡z- <small>V/NN</small>-s, <small>N</small>-t͡s<small>²</small> || d͡ʒ, <small>V</small>-ʃ, <small>C</small>-t͡ʃ;<br /> ʒ, <small>V</small>-ʃ, <small>C</small>-t͡ʃ; d͡z || <big>ز، س </big> || 𐌳𐌾 || Dg dg || Дь дь || <i>arbe'''dj'''en</i> /ˈɐrbə'''z'''n̩/ "to work", <i>wӓde'''dj'''</i> /ˈwɛːdə'''s'''/ "robber", <i>an'''dj'''</i> /ɐn'''t͡s'''/ "end"

|  E e || ɛ, eː <small>¹</small> ||  jɛ, jeː|| <big>ــٖـ ، ــٖی</big> ||𐌴 || E e, Ē ē || Е е (Є є),<br />Е́ е́ (Є́ є́) || <i>m'''e'''rjen</i> /ˈm'''ɛ'''ʒn̩/ "to preach", <i>w'''e'''g</i> /w'''eː'''x/ "storm"

|  E e, I i || ə⁴ || – || <big> ــَـ ، ــِـ</big> ||𐌰 || Ă ă || Э э (Ӭ ӭ) || <i>mak'''e'''</i> /ˈmaːk'''ə'''/ "I make", <i>hug'''i'''</i> /huːj'''ə'''/ "mind, reason"

|  É é; Ê ê || eː<small>¹</small> || jeː || <big> ــٖی</big> ||𐌴  || Ē ē; Ê ê || Е́ е́ (Є́ є́) || <i>l'''é'''kjenen</i> /l'''eː'''t͡ʃnn̩/ "to heal", <i>w'''ê'''milhme</i> /ˈw'''eː'''ˌmiːlmə/ "stormcloud"

|  Ei ei || ɛɪ̯ || aɪ̯; əɪ̯; iː || <big> ــَی</big> || 𐌴𐌹 || Ei ei || Ей ей (Єй єй) || <i>'''ei'''s</i> /'''ɛɪ̯'''s/ "ice"

|  Eu eu || œʏ̯ || ɔɪ̯; aʏ̯; əʏ̯; œɪ̯ || <big> ـٰـوْ</big> || 𐌴𐌿 || En en || Eў еў (Єў єў) || <i>'''eu'''</i> /'''œʏ̯'''/ "(for)ever"

|  Ey ey || œʏ̯ || ɔɪ̯; aʏ̯; əʏ̯; œɪ̯; yː || <big> ــٗی</big> || 𐌴𐌹𐌿 || Ein ein || Ёй ёй (Іёй іёй) || <i>n'''ey'''</i> /n'''œʏ̯'''/ "new"

|  F f || f || <small>VS</small>-v-<small>VS</small> || <big> ف</big> || 𐍆 || F f || Ф ф || <i>'''f'''isk</i> /'''f'''ɪsk/ "fish"

|  Fj fj || ʃ || – || <big> ش</big> || 𐍆𐌾 || Fg fg || Фь фь || <i>ha'''fj'''en</i> /ˈhɐ'''ʃ'''n̩/ "to lift"

|  rowspan="2"| G g || ɡ, <small>V</small>-x, <small>C</small>-k<small>²</small> || <small>V</small>-ɣ-<small>V</small> || <big>گ </big> || rowspan="2"| 𐌲 || Г r || Г г || <i>'''g'''od</i> /'''ɡ'''oːθ/ "good", <i>da'''g'''</i> /daː'''x'''/ "day", <i>bår'''g'''</i> /bɒr'''k'''/ "city, town"

|  d͡ʒ-, <small>V</small>-j-<small>V</small>, -ʃ<small>^2,5</small> || <small>V</small>-ʒ-<small>V</small> || <big>ج ، ی ، ش</big> || Ѓ ŕ || Гь гь || <i>'''g'''iben</i> /ˈ'''d͡ʒ'''iːbn̩/ "to give", <i>hui'''g'''es</i> /ˈhuː'''j'''əs/ "minds", <i>gvärþi'''g'''</i> /ˈbærθɪ'''ʃ'''/ "peaceful"

|  Gj gj || d͡ʒ, <small>V</small>-ʃ, <small>C</small>-t͡ʃ || <small>V</small>-ʒ-<small>V</small>; ʒ || <big> ج</big> || 𐌲𐌾 || Гg rg  || Џ(ь) џ(ь) || <i>hu'''gj'''en</i> /ˈhʊ'''d͡ʒ'''n̩/ "to think, intend", <i>andå'''gj'''</i> /anˈdɒ'''ʃ'''/ "face", <i>an'''gj'''</i> /ɐn'''t͡ʃ'''/ "egg"

|  Gv gv || b, <small>V</small>-f, <small>C</small>-p || <small>V</small>-v-<small>V</small>; ɡw, <small>V</small>-x, <small>C</small>-k; gv, -kf || <big>ب ، ف</big> || 𐍁 || Ч ɥ || Гв гв || <i>'''gv'''ärþj</i> /'''b'''ærs/ "peace",<i>san'''gv'''</i> /sɐm'''p'''/ "song"

|  H h || h, Ø<small>⁶</small> || x; ɦ || <big> هـ</big> || 𐌷 || Һ h || Х х || <i>'''h'''und</i> /'''h'''ʊnt/ "dog", <i>na'''h'''t</i> /na'''ː'''t/ "night"

|  Hj hj || ʃ || ç || <big> ش</big> || 𐌷𐌾 || Һg hg || Ш(ь) ш(ь) || <i>hla'''hj'''en</i> /ɬɐ'''ʃ'''n̩/ "to laugh"

|  Hl hl || ɬ, -ːl(-) || xl; -ɬ- || <big>هل ، ل</big> || 𐌷𐌻 || Һλ hλ || Хл хл || <i>'''hl'''ahjen</i> /'''ɬ'''ɐʃn̩/ "to laugh", <i>ma'''hl'''e</i> /ma'''ːl'''ə/ "juice"

|  Hn hn || n̥, -ːn(-) || xn; -n̥- || <big>هن ، ن</big> || 𐌷𐌽 || ҺN hv || Хн хн || <i>'''hn'''åt</i> /'''n̥'''ɔːt/ "nut", <i>lä'''hn'''</i> /lɛ'''ːn'''/ "loan"

|  Hr hr || r̥, -ːr(-) || ʂ; xr; χ; -r̥- || <big> هر ، ر</big> || 𐌷𐍂 || Һp hp || Хр хр || <i>'''hr'''aben</i> /'''r̥'''aːbn̩/ "raven", <i>hu'''hr'''</i> /hu'''ːr'''/ "hunger"

|  Hv hv || f || <small>V</small>-v-<small>V</small>; ʍ; ɸ; xʷ, -x; xf; kf || <big> ف</big> || 𐍈 || Θ ɵ || Хв хв || <i>sä'''hv'''en</i> /sɛː'''f'''n̩/ "to see"

|  I i || ɪ, iː<small>¹</small> || – || <big>ــِـ ، ــِی</big> || rowspan="2"|𐌹 || I i, Ī ī || И и (І і),<br />И́ и́ (Í í) || <i>sä'''hv'''en</i> /ˈsɛː'''f'''n̩/ "to see"

|  Í í; Î î || iː<small>¹</small> || – ||  <big> ــِی</big> || Ī ī; Î î || И́ и́ (Í í)  || <i>n'''i'''þj</i> /n'''ɪ'''s/ "relative". <i>'''i'''k</i> /'''iː'''k/ "I"

|  Ie ie || iː<small>¹</small> || iə̯ ||  <big> ــِی</big> || 𐌹𐌰 ||  Iă iă || Иэ иэ (Іэ іэ) || <i>fr'''ie'''nd</i> /fr'''iː'''nt/ "friend"

|  J j || j || – || <big> ی</big> || 𐌾 || G g || Й й || <i>'''j'''ah</i> /'''j'''aː/ "and"

|  rowspan="2"| K k || k || – || <big> ک</big> || rowspan="2"| 𐌺 || K k || К к || <i>'''k'''att</i> /'''k'''ɐt/ "cat"

|  t͡ʃ || ʃ || <big>چ</big> || Ḱ ḱ || Ч(ь) ч(ь) || <i>'''k'''inn</i> /'''t͡ʃ'''ɪn/ "cheek"

|  Kj kj || t͡ʃ || ʃ || <big> چ</big> || 𐌺𐌾 || Kg kg || Ч(ь) ч(ь) || <i>mí'''kj'''el</i> /miː'''t͡ʃ'''l̩/ "big, great"

| Kv kv || p || kʷ, -k; kf || <big>پ</big> || 𐌵 || U u || Кв кв || <i>'''kv'''imen</i> /'''p'''iːmn̩/ "to come"

|  L l || l || – || <big> ل</big> || 𐌻 || Λ λ || Л л || <i>'''l'''amb</i> /'''l'''ɐmp/ "sheep"

|  Lj lj || ʎ || – || <big> ڷ</big> || 𐌻𐌾 || Λg λg || Ль ль || <i>a'''lj'''</i> /ɐ'''ʎ'''/ "other"

|  M m || m || – || <big> م</big> || 𐌼 || M m || М м || <i>'''m'''äze</i> /'''m'''ɛːzə/ "bigger"

|  Mj mj || ɲ || – || <big> ݧ </big> || 𐌼𐌾 || Mg mg || Мь мь || <i>ta'''mj'''en</i> /ˈtɐ'''ɲ'''n̩/ "to tame"

|  N n || n || – || <big> ن</big> || 𐌽 || N v || Н н || <i>'''n'''ame</i> /'''n'''aːmə/ "name"

|  Nj nj || ɲ || – || <big> ݧ</big> || 𐌽𐌾 || Ng ng || Нь нь || <i>su'''nj'''</i> /sʊ'''ɲ'''/ "true"

| O o || ɔ, oː || wɔ, woː || <big>ــࣷـ ، ــࣷو</big> || rowspan="2" | 𐍉 || Ω w; Ω̄ w̄ || О о (Іо іо),<br />О́ о́ (Іо́ іо́) || <i>s'''o'''kjen</i> /s'''ɔ'''t͡ʃn̩/ "to search, investigate", <i>b'''o'''k</i> /b'''oː'''k/ "writing, letter, contract"

| Ó ó; Ô ô || oː || woː || <big>ــࣷو</big> || Ω̄ w̄; Ω̂ ŵ || О́ о́ (Іо́ іо́) ||

| Ö ö || œ, øː || ɥœ, ɥøː || <big>ــࣹـ ، ــࣹا</big> || rowspan="2" | 𐍉𐌹 || Ωi wi; Ω̄i w̄i || Ё ё (Іё іё),<br />Ö ö (Іö іö) ||  

| Eo eo; Êo êo || øː || ɥøː || <big>ــࣹو </big> || Ω̄i w̄i; Ω̂i ŵi || Ö ö (Іö іö) ||

|  Oi oi || œʏ̯ || ɔɪ̯; aʏ̯; əʏ̯; œɪ̯ː || <big> ــࣷی</big> || 𐌰𐌿𐌹 || Ani ani || Ой ой (Іой іой) ||

|  Ou ou || ɔʊ̯ || aʊ̯; əʊ̯; uː || <big> ــࣷـوْ</big> || 𐍉𐌿 || Ωw Ωw || Оў оў (Іоў іоў) ||

|  P p || p || – || <big> پ</big> || 𐍀 || П ր || П п ||

|  Pj pj || t͡ʃ || – || <big> چ</big> || 𐍀𐌾 || Пg րg || Пь пь ||

| R r || r || ɹ; ʀ; ʁ || <big> ر </big> || 𐍂 || R p || Р р ||

| Rj rj || ʒ || – || <big>ژ</big> || 𐍂𐌾 || Rg pg || Рь рь ||

| S s || s || <small>VS</small>-z-<small>VS</small> || <big>س</big> || 𐍃 || S s || С с ||

| Sj sj || ʃ || – || <big>ش</big> || 𐍃𐌾 || Sg sg || Сь сь ||

|  rowspan="2"| Sk sk || sk || – || <big>سک</big> || rowspan="2"| 𐍃𐌺 || Sk sk || Ск ск ||

|  ʃ || – || <big>ش</big> || Sḱ sḱ || Щ(ь) щ(ь) ||

|  Skj skj || ʃ || – || <big>ش</big> || 𐍃𐌺𐌾 || Skg skg || Щ(ь) щ(ь) || <i>hna'''skj'''</i> /n̥ɐ'''ʃ'''/ "soft"

| T t || t || – || <big>ت</big> || 𐍄 || T t || Т т ||

| Tj tj || t͡s || s || <big>ڃ</big> || 𐍄𐌾 || Tg tg || Ть ть ||

|  Þ þ || θ || <small>VS</small>-ð-<small>VS</small> || <big> ث</big> || 𐌸 || Ψ ф || Ѳ ѳ ||

|  Þj þj || s || – || <big> س</big> || 𐌸𐌾 || Ψg фg || Ѳь ѳь || <i>ni'''þj'''</i> /nɪ'''s'''/ "relative"

|  U u || ʊ, uː<small>¹</small> || – || <big>ــُـ ، ــُو</big> || rowspan="2"| 𐌿 || Ո n, Ո̄ n̄ || У у (Ю ю),<br />У́ у́ (Ю́ ю́) ||

|  Ú ú; Û û || uː<small>¹</small> || – ||  <big> ــُو</big> || Ո̄ n̄; Ո̂  n̂ || У́ у́ (Ю́ ю́) ||

|  Ue ue || uː<small>¹</small> || uə̯ ||  <big> ــُو</big> || 𐌿𐌰 || Ոă nă || Уэ уэ (Юэ юэ) ||

|  Ui ui || uː<small>¹</small> || ʊɪ̯ ||  <big> ــُو</big> || 𐌿 || Ո̄ n̄ || У у (Ю ю) || <i>h'''ui'''g</i> /ˈh'''uː'''ʃ/ "mind, reason"

|  V v<small>³</small> || v, -f || – || <big> ڤ</big> || 𐌱 || B b || В в ||

|  W w || w || v; β || <big> و</big> || 𐍅 || Y y || В в; Ў ў ||

|  Y y || ʏ, yː<small>¹</small> || ɪ, iː<small>¹</small>  || <big>ــࣺـ ، ــࣺو</big> || rowspan="2"| 𐌹𐌿 || In in, Īn īn || Ѵ ѵ (Іѵ іѵ),<br />Ѵ́ ѵ́ (Іѵ́ іѵ́) ||

|  Ý ‎‎ý; Ŷ ŷ || yː<small>¹</small> || iː<small>¹</small>  ||  <big> ــࣺو</big> || Īn īn; În în || Ѵ́ ѵ́ (Іѵ́ іѵ́) ||

|  Ye ye || yː<small>¹</small> || yə̯; iə̯ ||  <big> ــࣺو</big> || 𐌹𐌿𐌰 || Ină ină || Ѵэ ѵэ (Іѵэ іѵэ) ||

| Z z || z, -s || – || <big>ز</big> ||  || Z z || З з ||

| Zj zj || ʒ, -ʃ || – || <big>ژ</big> || 𐌶 || Zg zg || Зь зь ||

|  rowspan="2"| Zg zg || zɡ || – || <big>زگ</big> || rowspan="2"| 𐌶𐌲 || Zr zg || Зг зг ||

|  ʒ || – || <big> ژ</big> || Zŕ zŕ || Ж(ь) ж(ь) ||

|  Zgj zgj || ʒ || – || <big>ش</big> || 𐌶𐌲𐌾 || Zrg zrg || Ж(ь) ж(ь) ||

===Prosody===

====Stress====

In native words, stress is most often on the first syllable unless the word begins in an unstressed prefix. Loanwords may be stressed on any syllable.

 

 

<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

====Word-final devoicing====

The following changes affect voiced stops, fricatives, and affricates when they occur word-finally:

*'''b''' /b/, '''bj''' /d͡ʒ/: devoiced to /p, t͡ʃ/ after nasals; otherwise devoiced and fricatized to /f, ʃ/.

*'''d''' /d/, '''g''' /ɡ/ (non-palatal environment), '''gj''' /d͡ʒ/: devoiced to /t, k, t͡ʃ/ after consonants; devoiced and fricatized to /θ, x, ʃ/ after vowels.

*'''dj''' /d͡z/ (after nasal): devoiced to /t͡s/.

*'''dj''' /z/ (not after nasal): devoiced to /s/.

Loanwords may not undergo fricatization - e.g. ''kitab'' /kɪˈtaːp/ "book". Some speakers may avoid this irregularity by completely replacing the final consonant with its unvoiced counterpart - e.g. ''ketap'' /kəˈtaːp/ (nativized form of ''kitab'').

 

All consonants except for ''w, j,'' and ''v'' can be palatalized by adding ''j'' after the consonant. This specific form of palatalization is known as iotation. The originally labiovelar consonants ''hv, kv,'' and ''gv'' are iotated to ''hj, kj,'' and ''gj'' respectively.

 

It is rare for vowels to occur in productively iotating environments, but when that happens, the results are generally as follows (though individual lexemes may behave differently):

There is another form of palatalization that affects the consonants ''c'', ''k'', and ''g'' as well as the clusters ''sk'' and ''zg''. These are palatalized before front vowels (''ä, e, i, ö, y, ei, ey, eu, ie, ye'') to /t͡s, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ- ~ -j-, ʃ, ʒ/ respectively. Additionally, ''g'' is palatalized to /-j- ~ -ʃ/ after orthographic ''i'' (which therefore excludes ''ie'' and includes ''ei, oi,'' ''ai'', and unstressed ''i'' /ə/). Unstressed ''e'' /ə/ does not cause palatalization.

The palatalization of ''(s)k'' and ''(z)g'' can be blocked by adding ''h'' after the consonant/cluster (i.e. ''(s)kh, (z)gh''). This only occurs in loanwords. Some common words and morphemes do not indicate the lack of palatalization - e.g. ''kitab'' /kɪˈtaːp/ "book", ''-logie'' /lɔˈgiː/ "-logy". Many of these have nativized forms that may be preferred by some speakers - e.g. ''ketap'' /kəˈtaːp/, ''-logjie'' /lɔˈd͡ʒiː/.

====Addition of -t-====

These changes occur in the past stem of class 1 weak verbs (where ''-d-'' becomes ''-t-'' after obstruents) and the second person singular past indicative of strong verbs (which has the ending ''-t''). Before applying these changes to class 1 weak verbs, remove the ''-j-'' in the present stem.

 

====Vowel shortening====

When the addition of a consonantal suffix causes an originally open syllable preceded by a long vowel to become closed, vowel length is usually preserved. This is indicated with an acute accent or, in the case of ''ä, å,'' and ''ö'', by replacing them with ''ea, oa,'' and ''eo'' respectively. However, the vowel is shortened (unless it has a circumflex or is followed by ''h'') in the following circumstances:

*When the following consonant is iotated (''-j-'') - e.g. ''sk<b>u</b>l-en'' /ˈsk'''uː'''l-n̩/ "to have to" + ''-je'' → ''sk<b>u</b>lje'' /ˈsk'''ʊ'''ʎə/

*When the vowel is followed by three or more consonants - e.g. ''g<b>u</b>te'' /ˈɡ'''uː'''tə/ "Goths" + ''-ske'' → ''g<b>u</b>tske'' /ˈɡ'''ʊ'''t.skə/ "Gothic"

 

====Compound words====

Compound words are head-final (like in German). Note that this differs from noun phrases, which are generally head-initial. The modifying noun(s) undergo the following changes (in this order) before adding onto the head noun:

#If the noun now ends in a ''-b'' or ''-d'' that would be fricativized, replace it with its fricative counterpart (''f'' and ''þ'' respectively). Other voiced consonants are devoiced as usual, but this is not indicated in writing.

 

In compound words, the vowel length in each component is independent from the other component words. For example, under normal rules, the ''-u-'' in ''Guþþyde'' "Gothede" (< ''Gud'' "God" + ''þyde'' "slave") would be expected to be pronounced short due to being followed by two orthographic consonants. However, since it is followed by a single consonant in ''Guþ-'', it is in fact pronounced long. <!--This applies even if the vowel is short in the original word due to a following ''-j-''.-->

*C + j > geminate palatalized consonant

 

====Middle Gothedish to Modern Gothedish====

*Vowel lengthening in stressed, unchecked syllables and shortening in checked syllables.

*Hardening of voiced fricatives.

 

===Cases===

Gothedish has four cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. The genitive can be further declined as an adjective to agree with the noun it modifies/replaces, in which case final post-vocalic ''-s'' becomes ''-z-'' and genitives ending in a vowel add ''-z-''.

 

e.g. ''mag'' "boy": ''mages'' "boyʼs", ''mage'' "boysʼ" (undeclined genitive) + ''-es'' → ''magezes'' "boyʼs / boysʼ (''nom. m. sg.'')"

 

===Nouns===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float : left;"

|+ Strong noun declension

! rowspan="2" | Case !! rowspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Plural

| -(e) || -es || -e

| -e || colspan="2" | -em

| -es || colspan="2" | -e

|}

 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Example of masculine strong noun: ''hläb'' "bread, loaf"

! Case !! width=100 | Singular !!width=100 | Plural

| hläb || hläbes

| hläbe || hläbem

| hläbes || hläbe

|}

 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Example of neuter strong noun: ''bråd'' "bread"

! Case !! width=100 | Singular !!width=100 | Plural

| bråd || bråde

| bråde || brådem

| brådes || bråde

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Strong noun declension

! colspan="2" | !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! colspan="2" | Singular

| -(e) || -(e) || -e || -es

! rowspan="2" | Plural !! Masc./fem.

| -es || -es || rowspan="2" | -em || rowspan="2" | -e

| -e || -e

|}

{|style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"

|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

| hläb || hläb || hläbe || hläbes

| hläbes || hläbes || hläbem || hläbe

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Example of neuter weak noun: ''bråd'' "crumb"

! !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! Singular

| bråde || bråde || brådem || bråde

 

! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Plural

| -e || -e || -es || -en

| -en || -e || -es || -en

| colspan="2" | -en || colspan="2" | -em

| colspan="2" | -es || colspan="2" | -en

|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! colspan="2" | !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! rowspan="2" | Singular !! Masc./fem.

| -e || -en || rowspan="2" | -en || rowspan="2" | -es

| -e || -e

! rowspan="2" | Plural !! Masc./fem.

| -es || -es || rowspan="2" | -em || rowspan="2" | -en

| -en || -en

{|style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Example of feminine weak noun: ''kvine'' "woman"

! !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! Singular

| kvine || kvinen || kvinen || kvines

| kvines || kvines || kvinem || kvinen

|}

|

|+ Example of neuter weak noun: ''härte'' "heart"

! !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

| härte || härte || härten || härtes

| härten || härten || härtem || härten

|}

|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Example of feminine weak noun: ''kvine'' "woman"

! Case !! width=150 | Singular !!width=150 | Plural

| kvine || kvines

| kvinen || kvines

| kvinen || kvinem

| kvines || kvinen

|}

 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Example of neuter weak noun: ''härte'' "heart"

! Case !! width=100 | Singular !!width=100 | Plural

| härte || härten

| härten || härtem

===Adjectives===

Like nouns, adjectives may be strong or weak. Most adjectives have both forms. The strong forms are used attributively (''happy people'') and predicatively (''they are happy''), while the weak forms are used nominally (''the happy''). Adjectives that only have one form use that form in all usages.

====Strong adjectives====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Example of strong adjective: ''skånj'' "beautiful"

! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="3" | Plural

! Masculine !! Neuter !! Unmarked !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Neut./unm. !! Feminine

|-

| colspan="3" | skånjem || skånjes || colspan="3" | skånjem

|-

| colspan="7" | skånjes

-->

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Strong adjective declension

! rowspan="4" | Singular !! Masculine

| -es || -en || rowspan="3" | -em || rowspan="4" | -es

|-

| -et || -et

| - || -

|-

! Feminine

| -e || -e || -es

! rowspan="3" | Plural !! Masculine

| -e || -es || rowspan="3" | -em || rowspan="3" | -es

! Neut./unm.

| -e || -e

|-

| -es || -es

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Example of strong adjective: ''skånj'' "beautiful"

! colspan="2" | !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! rowspan="4" | Singular !! Masculine

| skånjes || skånjen || rowspan="3" | skånjem || rowspan="4" | skånjes

|-

! Feminine

| skånje || skånje || skånjes

! rowspan="3" | Plural !! Masculine

! Neut./unm.

| skånje || skånje

! Feminine

| skånjes || skånjes

<!--{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Example of weak adjective: ''skånj'' "beautiful"

! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Plural

! Masculine/Feminine !! Neuter/Unmarked !! Masculine/Feminine !! Neuter/Unmarked

! Nominative

| skånje || skånje || skånjes || skånjen

! Accusative

| skånjen || skånje || skånjes || skånjen

! Dative  

| colspan="2" | skånjen || colspan="2" | skånjem

! Genitive  

| colspan="2" | skånjes || colspan="2" | skånjen

|}-->

|+ Example of weak adjective: ''skånj'' "beautiful"

! rowspan="2" | Singular !! Masc./fem.

| skånje || skånjen || rowspan="2" | skånjen || rowspan="2" | skånjes

|-

| skånjes || skånjes || rowspan="2" | skånjem || rowspan="2" | skånjen

! Neuter/unm.

| skånjen || skånjen

 

===Pronouns and determiners===

|+ Gothedish personal pronouns

! colspan="3" | Person and number !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! rowspan="3" | 1^st !! colspan="2" | Singular

| ik || mik || mis || mein

! colspan="2" | Dual<small>¹</small>

| wit || unks || unks || unker

! colspan="2" | Plural

| weis || uns || uns || unser

! rowspan="5" | 2^nd !! rowspan="2" | Singular || Informal<small>²</small>

| þou || þuk || þus || þein

! Formal<small>²</small>

| jou || eyk || eys || eyer

! colspan="2" | Dual<small>¹</small>

| jut || inkvs || inkvs || inkver

! rowspan="2" | Plural || Informal<small>²</small>

! Formal<small>²</small>

| jous || izzues || izzues || izzuer

<!--

! rowspan="8" | 3^rd !! rowspan="4" | Singular !! Masculine

| is || in || rowspan="3" | imm || rowspan="3" | is

! Neuter

| it || it

! Unmarked

| i || i

! Feminine

| si || si || ize || is

! rowspan="3" | Plural !! Masculine

| eis || ins || rowspan="3" | im || rowspan="3" | is

! Neut./unm.

| ie || ie

! rowspan="8" | 3^rd !! rowspan="4" | Singular !! Masculine

| sa || hin || rowspan="3" | himm || rowspan="4" | his

| hit || hit

! Unmarked

| þa || þa

! Feminine

| si || si || his

! rowspan="3" | Plural !! Masculine

| þä || þans || rowspan="3" | þäm || rowspan="3" | þis

! Neut./unm.

| þo || þo

! Feminine

| þos || þos

| sei || sik || sis || sein

 

 

^{<small>1</small>} In formal language, dual pronouns are used to refer to two people. They are rare in informal language and are considered archaic in most dialects (similar to English "thou").

 

^{<small>2</small>} Gothedish has a T-V distinction in second person pronouns.

 

 

The near demonstrative is used for objects near to the speaker. It is declined as a regular strong adjective with the stem ''iss-''.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Gothedish near demonstrative

! colspan="2" | !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! rowspan="4" | Singular !! Masculine

| isses || issen || rowspan="3" | issem || rowspan="4" | isses

! Neuter

| isset || isset

! Unmarked

| iss || iss

! Feminine

| isse || isse || isses

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Gothedish middle demonstrative

! colspan="2" | !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! rowspan="4" | Singular !! Masculine

| þas || þan || rowspan="3" | þamm || rowspan="4" | þis

! Neuter

| þat || þat

! Unmarked

| þa || þa

! Feminine