Gothedish: Difference between revisions

Gothedish is descended from Wulfila's Gothic or a closely related variety. The ancestors of the Gothedes lived somewhere around modern-day Romania. At some point in history (TBD), they spread throughout the area between the Balkan penninsula and Scandinavia.

|  Bj bj || d͡ʒ, <small>V/NN</small>-ʃ, <small>N</small>-t͡ʃ<small>²</small> <!--|| ʒ--> || <big>ج ، ش </big> || 𐌱𐌾 || Bg bg || Бь бь || <i>gelå'''bj'''en</i> /ɡəˈlɒ'''d͡ʒ'''n̩/ "to believe", <i>gelå'''bj'''</i> /ɡəˈlɒ'''ʃ'''/ "believe (sg. imper.)", <i>ankum'''bj'''</i> /ˈaːŋkʊn'''t͡ʃ'''/ "relax (sg. imper.)

| Ó ó; Ô ô || oː <!--|| woː -->|| <big>ــࣷو</big> || Ω̄ w̄; Ω̂ ŵ || О́ о́ (Іо́ іо́) ||

| Ö ö || œ, øː <!--|| ɥœ, ɥøː -->|| <big>ــࣹـ ، ــࣹا</big> || rowspan="2" | 𐍉𐌹 || Ωi wi; Ω̄i w̄i || Ё ё (Іё іё),<br />Ö ö (Іö іö) ||  

|  Oi oi; Ôi ôi || œʏ̯ <!--|| ɔɪ̯; aʏ̯; əʏ̯; œɪ̯ː -->|| <big> ــࣷی</big> || 𐌰𐌿𐌹 || Ani ani || Ой ой (Іой іой) ||

|  Ui ui || uː<small>¹</small> <!--|| ʊɪ̯ -->||  <big> ــُو</big> || 𐌿 || Ո̄ n̄ || У у (Ю ю) || <i>h'''ui'''g</i> /ˈh'''uː'''ʃ/ "mind, reason"

| Kv kv || kvärne || [pɛrnə] || –

| V v || vau || [vau̯] || –

| Ch ch || che || [xeː]

! colspan="3" | Letter !! colspan="2" | Name (Gutske) !! rowspan="2" | IPA

!Aldgutske !! Midgutske !! Neygutske !! Gothic !! Latin

| 𐌵 || == || U u || uaipvă || kvärne || [pɛrnə]

| 𐌶 || == || || || ||

| 𐌷 || == || || || ||

| 𐌸 || == || || || ||

| 𐌹 || == || || || ||

| 𐌺 || == || || || ||

| 𐌻 || == || || || ||

| 𐌼 || == || || || ||

! colspan="3" | Letter !! colspan="2" | Name (Gutske) !! rowspan="2" | IPA

!Aldgutske !! Midgutske !! Neygutske !! Gothic !! Latin

| 𐌽 || == || || || ||

| 𐌾 || == || || || ||

| 𐌿 || == || || || ||

| 𐍀 || == || || || ||

| 𐍁 || == || || || ||

| 𐍂 || == || || || ||

| 𐍃 || == || || || ||

| 𐍄 || == || || || ||

| 𐍅 || == || || || ||

| 𐍆 || == || || || ||

| 𐍇 || == || || || ||

| 𐍈 || == || || || ||

| 𐍉 || == || || || ||

===Phonotactics===

<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

====Word-final devoicing====

The following changes affect voiced stops, fricatives, and affricates when they occur word-finally:

*'''d''' /d/, '''g''' /ɡ/ (non-palatal environment), '''gj''' /d͡ʒ/: devoiced to /t, k, t͡ʃ/ after consonants; devoiced and fricatized to /θ, x, ʃ/ after vowels.

Loanwords may not undergo fricatization - e.g. ''kitab'' /kɪˈtaːp/ "book". Some speakers may avoid this irregularity by completely replacing the final consonant with its unvoiced counterpart - e.g. ''ketap'' /kəˈtaːp/ (nativized form of ''kitab'').

 

====Palatalization====

 

 

There is another form of palatalization that affects the consonants ''c'', ''k'', and ''g'' as well as the clusters ''sk'' and ''zg''. These are palatalized before front vowels (''ä, e, i, ö, y, ei, ey, eu, ie, ye'') to /t͡s, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ- ~ -j-, ʃ, ʒ/ respectively. Additionally, ''g'' is palatalized to /-j- ~ -ʃ/ after orthographic ''i'' (which therefore excludes ''ie'' and includes ''ei, oi,'' ''ai'', and unstressed ''i'' /ə/). Unstressed ''e'' /ə/ does not cause palatalization.

 

The palatalization of ''(s)k'' and ''(z)g'' can be blocked by adding ''h'' after the consonant/cluster (i.e. ''(s)kh, (z)gh''). This only occurs in loanwords. Some common words and morphemes do not indicate the lack of palatalization - e.g. ''kitab'' /kɪˈtaːp/ "book", ''-logie'' /lɔˈgiː/ "-logy". Many of these have nativized forms that may be preferred by some speakers - e.g. ''ketap'' /kəˈtaːp/, ''-logjie'' /lɔˈd͡ʒiː/.

 

====Addition of -t-====

These changes occur in the past stem of class 1 weak verbs (where ''-d-'' becomes ''-t-'' after obstruents) and the second person singular past indicative of strong verbs (which has the ending ''-t''). Before applying these changes to class 1 weak verbs, remove the ''-j-'' in the present stem.

*k, nk, g, ng + t → ht. This leads to the following changes to the preceding vowels (''N'' represents a dropped nasal):

====Vowel shortening====

When the addition of a consonantal suffix causes an originally open syllable preceded by a long vowel to become closed, vowel length is usually preserved. This is indicated with an acute accent or, in the case of ''ä, å,'' and ''ö'', by replacing them with ''ea, oa,'' and ''eo'' respectively. However, the vowel is shortened (unless it has a circumflex or is followed by ''h'') in the following circumstances:

*When the following consonant is iotated (''-j-'') - e.g. ''sk<b>u</b>l-en'' /ˈsk'''uː'''l-n̩/ "to have to" + ''-je'' → ''sk<b>u</b>lje'' /ˈsk'''ʊ'''ʎə/

*When the vowel is followed by three or more consonants - e.g. ''g<b>u</b>te'' /ˈɡ'''uː'''tə/ "Goths" + ''-ske'' → ''g<b>u</b>tske'' /ˈɡ'''ʊ'''t.skə/ "Gothic"

 

====Compound words====

Compound words are head-final (like in German). Note that this differs from noun phrases, which are generally head-initial. The modifying noun(s) undergo the following changes (in this order) before adding onto the head noun:

#If the noun ends in an iotated consonant, the iotation is removed.

#If the noun now ends in a ''-b'' or ''-d'' that would be fricativized, replace it with its fricative counterpart (''f'' and ''þ'' respectively). Other voiced consonants are devoiced as usual, but this is not indicated in writing.

In some compounds, the modifying noun occurs in the genitive, in which case the above changes do not apply.

===Historical phonology===

====Gothic to Old Gothedish====

*Nasalization of geminate voiced plosives.

*C + j > geminate palatalized consonant

*Unstressed vowel shortening reduction.

====Old Gothedish to Middle Gothedish====

*Further vowel reduction.

====Middle Gothedish to Modern Gothedish====

*Diphthongization of long high vowels.

*Palatalization of velars before (and sometimes after) front vowels.

*Vowel lengthening in stressed, unchecked syllables and shortening in checked syllables.

*Analogical changes.

Gothedish has four cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. The genitive can be further declined as an adjective to agree with the noun it modifies/replaces, in which case final post-vocalic ''-s'' becomes ''-z-'' and genitives ending in ''-e'' add ''-z-''. In formal language outside of poetry, personal pronouns generally use the declined genitive in all cases, while nouns use the invariant genitive unless there is no other indicator of case.

e.g. ''mag'' "boy": ''mages'' "boyʼs", ''mage'' "boysʼ" (undeclined genitive) + ''-es'' → ''magezes'' "boyʼs / boysʼ (''nom. m. sg.'')"

:''Isses ist <b>magezes</b>.'' "This is '''a boy's'''." ≈ ''Isses ist <b>þas mages</b>.'' "This is '''that of a boy'''."

Nouns may be either strong or weak.

<!--

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float : left;"

|-

! rowspan="2" | Case !! rowspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Plural

|-

! Masc./Fem. !! Neuter

|-

!Nominative/Accusative

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Example of masculine strong noun: ''hläb'' "bread, loaf"

|-

|-

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Example of neuter strong noun: ''bråd'' "bread"

! Case !! width=100 | Singular !!width=100 | Plural

!Nominative/Accusative

|-

-->

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Strong noun declension

! colspan="2" | Singular

| -(e) || -(e) || -e || -es

! rowspan="2" | Plural !! Masc./fem.

! Neuter/unm.

| -e || -e

|}

{|style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"

! !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! Singular

| hläb || hläb || hläbe || hläbes

|-

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Example of neuter weak noun: ''bråd'' "crumb"

! !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! Singular

| bråd || bråd || bråde || brådes

! Plural

| bråde || bråde || brådem || bråde

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Weak noun declension

! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Plural

! Masc./Fem. !! Neuter !! Masc./Fem. !! Neuter

! Nominative

| -e || -e || -es || -en

! Accusative

!  Genitive  

| colspan="2" | -es || colspan="2" | -en

|+ Weak noun declension

! rowspan="2" | Singular !! Masc./fem.

| -e || -en || rowspan="2" | -en || rowspan="2" | -es

| -es || -es || rowspan="2" | -em || rowspan="2" | -en

! Neuter/unm.

| -en || -en

|+ Example of feminine weak noun: ''kvine'' "woman"

| kvine || kvinen || kvinen || kvines

| kvines || kvines || kvinem || kvinen

|+ Example of neuter weak noun: ''härte'' "heart"

| härte || härte || härten || härtes

| härten || härten || härtem || härten

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Example of feminine weak noun: ''kvine'' "woman"

! Case !! width=150 | Singular !!width=150 | Plural

!Nominative

| kvine || kvines

!Accusative

| kvinen || kvines

!Dative

| kvinen || kvinem

!Genitive

| kvines || kvinen

 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Example of neuter weak noun: ''härte'' "heart"

! Case !! width=100 | Singular !!width=100 | Plural

!Nominative/Accusative

| härte || härten

!Dative

| härten || härtem

!Genitive

| härtes || härten

-->

 

 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Strong adjective declension

! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="3" | Plural

! Masculine !! Neuter !! Unmarked !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Neut./unm. !! Feminine

! Nominative

| -es || -et || - || -e || -e || -e || -es

! Accusative

| -en || -et || - || -e || -es || -e || -es

! Dative

| colspan="3" | -em || -es || colspan="3" | -em

! Genitive

| colspan="7" | -es

 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Example of strong adjective: ''skånj'' "beautiful"

! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="3" | Plural

! Masculine !! Neuter !! Unmarked !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Neut./unm. !! Feminine

! Nominative

| skånjes || skånjet || skånj || skånje || skånje || skånje || skånjes

! Accusative

| skånjen || skånjet || skånj || skånje || skånjes || skånje || skånjes

! Dative

| colspan="3" | skånjem || skånjes || colspan="3" | skånjem

|-

! Genitive  

| colspan="7" | skånjes

! colspan="2" | !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! rowspan="4" | Singular !! Masculine

! Neuter

| -et || -et

! Unmarked

| - || -

! Feminine

| -e || -e || -es

! rowspan="3" | Plural !! Masculine

| -e || -es || rowspan="3" | -em || rowspan="3" | -es

| -es || -es

! colspan="2" | !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! rowspan="4" | Singular !! Masculine

! Neuter

| skånjet || skånjet

! Unmarked

| skånj || skånj

| skånje || skånje || skånjes

| skånje || skånjes || rowspan="3" | skånjem || rowspan="3" | skånjes

| skånje || skånje

| skånjes || skånjes

Declined identically to weak nouns. The gender-unmarked form is identical to the neuter in both the singular and plural. In informal language, the masculine/feminine form is used in place of the unmarked (in both singular and plural) when referring to a human being.

! colspan="2" | Reflexive

 

====Demonstratives====

'''Note:''' ''Twade'' is the general word for "second", while ''anþer'' specifically means "second/other (of two)"<!-- (similar to Ancient Greek ἕτερος ''héteros'')-->.

| –e || –e || ^{<small>S</small>}– || ^{<small>P</small>}–je || –de || –dje || –e

| –(e)s || –es || ^{<small>S</small>}–t || ^{<small>P</small>}–jes || –des || –djes || –

| –(e)þ || –e || ^{<small>S</small>}– || ^{<small>P</small>}–je || –de || –dje || –eþ

| –(e)m || –em || ^{<small>P</small>}–(e)m || ^{<small>P</small>}–jem || –dem || –djem || –em

| –(e)ts || –ets || ^{<small>P</small>}–(e)ts || ^{<small>P</small>}–jets || –dets || –djets || –ets

| –(e)n || –en || ^{<small>P</small>}–(e)n || ^{<small>P</small>}–jen || –den || –djen || –en

| -ei-/-i[ä]-^{<small>1</small>} || -ä- || -i[ä]- || -i[ä]-

*Class 5: ''frähnen, frah, frehje, frähen'' - irregular ''-n-'' in present stem

*Unclassified: ''wisen'' "to be"; ''gangen'' "to go" - these are technically strong verbs, but they are usually treated separately due to their high degree of irregularity (see [[Gothedish#Suppletive_verbs|suppletive verbs]] below).

| colspan="4" | standend