Gothedish: Difference between revisions

|nativename = Razde Guþþydske <br />Razdă Γn̄ффindskă <br />𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌿𐌸𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍃𐌺𐌰

|pronunciation = [ˈrɐzdə ˈɡuːˌθʏtskə]

Gothedish is descended from Wulfila's Gothic or a closely related variety. The ancestors of the Gothedes lived somewhere around modern-day Romania. At some point in history (TBD), they spread throughout the area between the Balkan penninsula and Scandinavia.

| Ó ó; Ô ô || oː <!--|| woː -->|| <big>ــࣷو</big> || Ω̄ w̄; Ω̂ ŵ || О́ о́ (Іо́ іо́) ||

| Ö ö || œ, øː <!--|| ɥœ, ɥøː -->|| <big>ــࣹـ ، ــࣹا</big> || rowspan="2" | 𐍉𐌹 || Ωi wi; Ω̄i w̄i || Ё ё (Іё іё),<br />Ö ö (Іö іö) ||  

|  Oi oi; Ôi ôi || œʏ̯ <!--|| ɔɪ̯; aʏ̯; əʏ̯; œɪ̯ː -->|| <big> ــࣷی</big> || 𐌰𐌿𐌹 || Ani ani || Ой ой (Іой іой) ||

===Prosody===

====Stress====

In native words, stress is most often on the first syllable unless the word begins in an unstressed prefix. Loanwords may be stressed on any syllable.

 

====Intonation====

 

===Phonotactics===

<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

====Word-final devoicing====

The following changes affect voiced stops, fricatives, and affricates when they occur word-finally:

*'''d''' /d/, '''g''' /ɡ/ (non-palatal environment), '''gj''' /d͡ʒ/: devoiced to /t, k, t͡ʃ/ after consonants; devoiced and fricatized to /θ, x, ʃ/ after vowels.

*'''dj''' /d͡z/ (after nasal): devoiced to /t͡s/.

*'''dj''' /z/ (not after nasal): devoiced to /s/.

*'''g''' /j/ (palatal environment): devoiced and fricatized to /ʃ/.

Loanwords may not undergo fricatization - e.g. ''kitab'' /kɪˈtaːp/ "book". Some speakers may avoid this irregularity by completely replacing the final consonant with its unvoiced counterpart - e.g. ''ketap'' /kəˈtaːp/ (nativized form of ''kitab'').

 

====Palatalization====

 

*å, o, ou + j → oi

 

There is another form of palatalization that affects the consonants ''c'', ''k'', and ''g'' as well as the clusters ''sk'' and ''zg''. These are palatalized before front vowels (''ä, e, i, ö, y, ei, ey, eu, ie, ye'') to /t͡s, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ- ~ -j-, ʃ, ʒ/ respectively. Additionally, ''g'' is palatalized to /-j- ~ -ʃ/ after orthographic ''i'' (which therefore excludes ''ie'' and includes ''ei, oi,'' ''ai'', and unstressed ''i'' /ə/). Unstressed ''e'' /ə/ does not cause palatalization.

 

The palatalization of ''(s)k'' and ''(z)g'' can be blocked by adding ''h'' after the consonant/cluster (i.e. ''(s)kh, (z)gh''). This only occurs in loanwords. Some common words and morphemes do not indicate the lack of palatalization - e.g. ''kitab'' /kɪˈtaːp/ "book", ''-logie'' /lɔˈgiː/ "-logy". Many of these have nativized forms that may be preferred by some speakers - e.g. ''ketap'' /kəˈtaːp/, ''-logjie'' /lɔˈd͡ʒiː/.

====Addition of -t-====

These changes occur in the past stem of class 1 weak verbs (where ''-d-'' becomes ''-t-'' after obstruents) and the second person singular past indicative of strong verbs (which has the ending ''-t''). Before applying these changes to class 1 weak verbs, remove the ''-j-'' in the present stem.

*p, b + t → ft

*t, d, z, ts + t → st

*k, nk, g, ng + t → ht. This leads to the following changes to the preceding vowels (''N'' represents a dropped nasal):

**ei, iN + ht → iht

**unstressed e /ə/ + ht → aht

When the addition of a consonantal suffix causes an originally open syllable preceded by a long vowel to become closed, vowel length is usually preserved. This is indicated with an acute accent or, in the case of ''ä, å,'' and ''ö'', by replacing them with ''ea, oa,'' and ''eo'' respectively. However, the vowel is shortened (unless it has a circumflex or is followed by ''h'') in the following circumstances:

*When the vowel is followed by three or more consonants - e.g. ''g<b>u</b>te'' /ˈɡ'''uː'''tə/ "Goths" + ''-ske'' → ''g<b>u</b>tske'' /ˈɡ'''ʊ'''t.skə/ "Gothic"

====Compound words====

In compound words, the vowel length in each component is independent from the other component words. For example, under normal rules, the ''-u-'' in ''Guþþyde'' "Gothede" (< ''Gud'' "God" + ''þyde'' "slave") would be expected to be pronounced short due to being followed by two orthographic consonants. However, since it is followed by a single consonant in ''Guþ-'', it is in fact pronounced long. <!--This applies even if the vowel is short in the original word due to a following ''-j-''.-->

===Historical phonology===

====Gothic to Old Gothedish====

*C + j > geminate palatalized consonant

*Unstressed vowel shortening reduction.

====Old Gothedish to Middle Gothedish====

*Further vowel reduction.

====Middle Gothedish to Modern Gothedish====

*Palatalization of velars before (and sometimes after) front vowels.

*Vowel lengthening in stressed, unchecked syllables and shortening in checked syllables.

*Vowel simplifications.

*Partial loss of unstressed vowels.

*Hardening of voiced fricatives.

*Labiovelars > Labials (except /w/).

*Analogical changes.

Gothedish has four cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. The genitive can be further declined as an adjective to agree with the noun it modifies/replaces, in which case final post-vocalic ''-s'' becomes ''-z-'' and genitives ending in ''-e'' add ''-z-''. In formal language outside of poetry, personal pronouns generally use the declined genitive in all cases, while nouns use the invariant genitive unless there is no other indicator of case.

e.g. ''mag'' "boy": ''mages'' "boyʼs", ''mage'' "boysʼ" (undeclined genitive) + ''-es'' → ''magezes'' "boyʼs / boysʼ (''nom. m. sg.'')"

:''Isses ist <b>magezes</b>.'' "This is '''a boy's'''." ≈ ''Isses ist <b>þas mages</b>.'' "This is '''that of a boy'''."

===Nouns===

Nouns may be either strong or weak.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float : left;"

|+ Strong noun declension

! rowspan="2" | Case !! rowspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Plural

! Masc./Fem. !! Neuter

|-

| -(e) || -es || -e

|-

| -e || colspan="2" | -em

|-

| -es || colspan="2" | -e

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Example of masculine strong noun: ''hläb'' "bread, loaf"

|-

! Case !! width=100 | Singular !!width=100 | Plural

|-

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Example of neuter strong noun: ''bråd'' "bread"

! Case !! width=100 | Singular !!width=100 | Plural

!Dative

|-

-->

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! colspan="2" | !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! colspan="2" | Singular

| -(e) || -(e) || -e || -es

! rowspan="2" | Plural !! Masc./fem.

| -es || -es || rowspan="2" | -em || rowspan="2" | -e

! Neuter

| -e || -e

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Example of masculine strong noun: ''hläb'' "bread"

! !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! Singular

| hläb || hläb || hläbe || hläbes

! Plural

| hläbes || hläbes || hläbem || hläbe

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Example of neuter weak noun: ''bråd'' "crumb"

! !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! Singular

| bråd || bråd || bråde || brådes

! Plural

| bråde || bråde || brådem || bråde

 

<!--

|+ Weak noun declension

! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Plural

! Masc./Fem. !! Neuter !! Masc./Fem. !! Neuter

! rowspan="2" | Singular !! Masc./fem.

| -e || -en || rowspan="2" | -en || rowspan="2" | -es

|+ Example of feminine weak noun: ''kvine'' "woman"

| kvine || kvinen || kvinen || kvines

| kvines || kvines || kvinem || kvinen

|+ Example of neuter weak noun: ''härte'' "heart"

| härte || härte || härten || härtes

| härten || härten || härtem || härten

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Example of feminine weak noun: ''kvine'' "woman"

! Case !! width=150 | Singular !!width=150 | Plural

!Nominative

!Accusative

| kvinen || kvines

!Dative

| kvinen || kvinem

!Genitive

| kvines || kvinen

 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Example of neuter weak noun: ''härte'' "heart"

! Case !! width=100 | Singular !!width=100 | Plural

!Nominative/Accusative

| härte || härten

!Dative

| härten || härtem

!Genitive

| härtes || härten

-->

 

 

|+ Strong adjective declension

! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="3" | Plural

! Masculine !! Neuter !! Unmarked !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Neut./unm. !! Feminine

! Nominative

| -es || -et || - || -e || -e || -e || -es

! Accusative

| -en || -et || - || -e || -es || -e || -es

! Dative

| colspan="3" | -em || -es || colspan="3" | -em

! Genitive

| colspan="7" | -es

 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Example of strong adjective: ''skånj'' "beautiful"

! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="4" | Singular !! colspan="3" | Plural

! Masculine !! Neuter !! Unmarked !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Neut./unm. !! Feminine

! Nominative

| skånjes || skånjet || skånj || skånje || skånje || skånje || skånjes

! Accusative

| skånjen || skånjet || skånj || skånje || skånjes || skånje || skånjes

! Dative

| colspan="3" | skånjem || skånjes || colspan="3" | skånjem

|-

! Genitive  

| colspan="7" | skånjes

! colspan="2" | !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! rowspan="4" | Singular !! Masculine

! Neuter

| -et || -et

! Unmarked

| - || -

! Feminine

| -e || -e || -es

! rowspan="3" | Plural !! Masculine

| -e || -es || rowspan="3" | -em || rowspan="3" | -es

| -es || -es

! colspan="2" | !! Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive

! rowspan="4" | Singular !! Masculine

! Neuter

| skånjet || skånjet

| skånj || skånj

| skånje || skånje || skånjes

| skånje || skånjes || rowspan="3" | skånjem || rowspan="3" | skånjes

| skånje || skånje

| skånjes || skånjes

'''Note:''' ''Twade'' is the general word for "second", while ''anþer'' specifically means "second/other (of two)"<!-- (similar to Ancient Greek ἕτερος ''héteros'')-->.

In addition to the irregular strong and weak verbs mentioned above, there are two highly irregular verbs that are generally treated as their own class (even though they are technically strong). These are ''wisen'' "to be" and ''gangen'' "to go".

The general negation particle is ''ne'' "not". It precedes the word it negates. A sentence/clause can be negated by negating the verb, or by placing ''niss'' (< earlier ''nistj'' < ''ne ist ei'' "[it] is not that") at the beginning of the clause.

===Verb phrase===

====Tenses, aspects, moods====

*'''Simple present:''' present indicative - e.g. ''Ik <b>sähve</b> þuk.'' "I '''see''' you."

**'''Subjunctive:''' present subjunctive - e.g. ''Jabe ik <b>sähve</b> þuk, <b>afgange</b>.'' "If I '''see''' you, I '''will leave'''."

*'''Simple past:''' past indicative - e.g. ''Ik <b>sahv</b> þuk.'' "I '''saw''' you."

**'''Subjunctive:''' past subjunctive - e.g. ''Jabe ik <b>sehje</b> þuk, <b>afingje</b>.'' "If I '''saw''' you, I '''would leave'''."

*'''Jussive/hortative:''' present subjunctive - e.g. ''<b>Afgange</b>.'' "I '''should leave'''."

*'''Imperative:''' imperative - e.g. ''<b>Afgang</b>!'' "'''Leave'''!"

**'''Negative:''' ''ne'' + present subjunctive - e.g. ''<b>Ne afganges</b>!'' "'''Don't leave'''!"

*'''Present/past continuous:''' present/past of ''wisen'' "to be" + present participle (agrees with subject) - e.g. ''<b>Im afgangendes</b>.'' "I '''am leaving'''."

*'''Present/past perfect:'''

**'''Intransitive verbs of motion/change of state:''' present/past of ''wisen'' "to be" + past participle (agrees with subject) - e.g. ''<b>Im afgangenes</b>.'' "I '''have left'''."

**'''Other verbs:''' present/past of ''haben'' "to have" + past participle (agrees with direct object) - e.g. ''<b>Habe</b> þuk <b>sähvenes</b>.'' "I '''have seen''' you."

*'''Future:''' present of ''magen'' + infinitive - e.g. ''Ik <b>mag</b> þuk <b>sähven</b>.'' "I '''will see''' you."

**The future is often left unmarked if clear from context - e.g. ''Gistredagi <b>sähve</b> ik þuk.'' "I '''[will] see''' you tomorrow."

*'''Present conditional:''' There are two ways of forming the conditional tenses<!-- with different usages-->. <!--The forms labelled ''I'' are used in conditional sentences, while the forms labelled ''II'' can be used on their own. -->The ''II'' forms can also be used as a polite way to express wishes.

**'''I:''' past subjunctive - e.g. ''Jabe <b>kvemjes</b>, ik <b>sehje</b> þuk.'' "If you '''came''', I '''would see''' you."

**'''II:''' present subjunctive of ''magen'' + infinitive - e.g. ''Ik <b>magje</b> þuk <b>sähven</b>.'' "I '''would see''' you. / I '''would like to see''' you."

*'''Past conditional:'''  

**'''I:''' past subjunctive of perfect auxiliary (''wisen/haben'') + past participle (agrees with subject/direct object) - e.g. ''Jabe <b>hadjes kvumen</b>, ik <b>hadje</b> þuk <b>sähvenes</b>.'' "If you '''had come''', I '''would have seen''' you."

**'''II:''' past subjunctive of ''magen'' + infinitive - e.g. ''Ik <b>mahtje</b> þuk <b>sähven</b>.'' "I '''would have seen''' you. / I '''would have liked to see''' you."