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[[Category: Languages]] | |||
[[Category: Conlangs]] | |||
[[Category: Artlangs]] | |||
[[Category: A posteriori]] | |||
[[Category: Indo-European languages]] | |||
[[Category: Germanic languages]] | |||
[[Category: East Germanic languages]] | |||
[[Category: Valthungian]] | |||
[[Category: Gothic Romance]] | |||
Griutungi is an East Germanic language which was the ancestor of [[Valthungian]]. It was contemporaneous and likely mutually intelligible with Gothic. There was no written record of Griutungi, aside from a few possible examples written in the Gothic alphabet which may have been attributed to Gothic instead. It has been reconstructed with a very similar phonology: | Griutungi is an East Germanic language which was the ancestor of [[Valthungian]]. It was contemporaneous and likely mutually intelligible with Gothic. There was no written record of Griutungi, aside from a few possible examples written in the Gothic alphabet which may have been attributed to Gothic instead. It has been reconstructed with a very similar phonology: | ||
{{Bpnjohnson.info|Griutungi|Grēwtungiskō, Gutiskō|ˈɡreːw.tʊŋ.ɡɪs.koː, ˈɡu.tɪs.koː|2018|Northern Italy, ca. 400ᴀᴅ|Indo-European|Indo-European|Germanic|East Germanic||||||}} | |||
==Comparison of Gothic and Griutungi Orthography== | ==Comparison of Gothic and Griutungi Orthography== | ||
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===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
* The most immediately noticeable difference between Gothic and Griutungi is the second person pronoun. Each has ''þu'' for the nominative, but the accusative and dative forms in Gothic replaced the vowel with the /u/ of the nominative (''þuk'' and ''þus'') while Griutungi retained the Germanic form (''*þik'' and ''*þis''). | * The most immediately noticeable difference between Gothic and Griutungi is the second person pronoun. Each has ''þu'' for the nominative, but the accusative and dative forms in Gothic replaced the vowel with the /u/ of the nominative (''þuk'' and ''þus'') while Griutungi retained the Germanic form (''*þik'' and ''*þis''). | ||
* The elective pronouns with ''-hun'' are indeclinable in Gothic (i.e. 𐍈𐌰𐍃𐌷𐌿𐌽 for all cases), while in Griutungi they still present a full range of inflections (e.g. ''hwashun'', ''hwishun'', ''hwammahun'', &c). | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
* The Germanic preposition ''*tô'' remains in Griutungi as ''*tō'', while in Gothic it inexplicably – despite several conflicting theories, all of which seem like a bit of a stretch – became ''du''; Griutungi seems to have also had ''*du'', used in a benefactive sense, though it was likely borrowed from Gothic proper sometime in the fifth or sixth century while the two languages were still fairly mutually intelligible. | * The Germanic preposition ''*tô'' remains in Griutungi as ''*tō'', while in Gothic it inexplicably – despite several conflicting theories, all of which seem like a bit of a stretch – became ''du''; Griutungi seems to have also had ''*du'', used in a benefactive sense, though it was likely borrowed from Gothic proper sometime in the fifth or sixth century while the two languages were still fairly mutually intelligible. | ||
* The Germanic preposition ''*eup'' – which likely only survived in East Germanic, as all other Germanic languages are descended from the zero-grade form ''*upp'' – became ''iup'' in Gothic, but appears to have gone through some sort of back-formation or possible borrowing in Griutungi resulting in ''*iukw''. This may have happened later, before Old Valthungian proper where it is attested as ''gyivqv'' and ''jivku'', but it is more likely that this occurred before /kʷ/ became /kw/, somewhere around the third or fourth century. | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
* Griutungi retains r/n alternation in certain heteroclitic nouns which only show /n/ in Gothic, e.g. ''*fōr/*funin'' ‘fire’ (Gothic ''fōn/funin''), ''*watōr/*watna'' ‘water’ (Gothic ''wata/watna''), and otherwise unattested in Germanic, ''*jikwōr/*jikwōn'' ‘liver’. | * Griutungi retains r/n alternation in certain heteroclitic nouns which only show /n/ in Gothic, e.g. ''*fōr/*funin'' ‘fire’ (Gothic ''fōn/funin''), ''*watōr/*watna'' ‘water’ (Gothic ''wata/watna''), and otherwise unattested in Germanic, ''*jikwōr/*jikwōn'' ‘liver’. | ||
* Several nouns show a difference in gender from their Gothic counterparts. Many of these differences may have occurred during later stages of the language, but some must necessarily have occurred before Gothic, such as retention of the feminine for ‘sun’ – ''sauil'' (n) in Gothic but ''*sōwilō'' (f) in Griutungi. | |||
* In the Gaulish or Proto-Celtic borrowing ''ambaxtos'' (‘minister, servant’), Gothic shows a reanalysis of the first syllable as ''and-''; compare Gothic ''andbahti'' and Griutungi *''ambahti'' (Valthungian ''ambāte'' ‘bureau’), Gothic ''andbahts'' and Griutungi *''ambahts'' (Valthungian ''ambāts'' ‘officer’), Gothic ''andbahtjan'' and Griutungi *''ambahtjan'' (Valthungian ''ambǣčin'' ‘to administrate’). | |||
* | ===Adjectives=== | ||
* Many adjective endings in Valthungian have been replaced by borrowings from Latin over the course of many centuries, but even before this happened, there was a distinct difference between Griutungi and Wulfilian Gothic in the “-gaz” adjectives. In Gothic, ''-gs'' is preceded by the stem vowel of the noun from which is it derived, i.e. ''-ags'' (e.g. ''manags''), ''-eigs'' (e.g. ''sunjeigs''), and ''-ugs'' (e.g. ''handugs''). Even accounting for later Latin influences, it is likely that Griutungi formed these with an ija-stem rather than an a-stem; i.e. ''-agīs'' (e.g. ''*managīs''), ''-igīs'' (''*sunīgīs''), and ''-ugīs'' (e.g. ''*handugīs''). While the a-stem ending remains in modern [[Valthungian]], it is often further modified by a Latin affix (e.g. Gothic ''audags''/Griutungi ''*ǭdagīs'' → Valthungian ''ǭðag'''al'''is''), while the i-stems have been completely replaced by the Latin ''-icus''. | |||
===Adverbs=== | ===Adverbs=== | ||
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===Differences Likely Due to Later Changes=== | ===Differences Likely Due to Later Changes=== | ||
* The final ''–t'' of the neuter interrogative pronoun (‘what’) was lost in Gothic, likely due to Coronal Consonant Deletion, but persists in [[Valthungian]], though it is possible that ''–t'' was lost initially and then later | * The final ''–t'' of the neuter interrogative pronoun (‘what’) was lost in Gothic, likely due to Coronal Consonant Deletion, but persists in [[Valthungian]], though it is possible that ''–t'' was lost initially and then later restored by analogy with other neuter nominative and accusative pronouns, determiners, and adjectives (e.g. ''it'', ''þat'', ''hit'', ''gōdat'', &c.) | ||
* Weak verbs in [[Valthungian]] show no trace of the d-reduplication that occurs in Gothic in the past tenses (e.g. Gothic ''kambidēdun'' ‘they combed’ versus Griutungi *''kambidun''). This is possibly ascribed to paradigmatic levelling, though it is likely that it was never manifested in the same manner that it was in Gothic. | |||
* Weak verbs in [[Valthungian]] show no trace of the d-reduplication that occurs in Gothic in the past tenses (e.g. Gothic ''kambidēdun'' ‘they combed’ versus Griutungi ''kambidun''). This is possibly | |||
* Gothic has a small class of feminine nouns (sometimes called “i/ō-stems”) which follow the i-stem paradigm in the singular and the ō-stem in the plural. These nouns exclusively follow the i-stem in Valthungian. E.g. Gothic ''haims'', plural ''haimōs'', compared to Griutungi *''hǣms'', *''hǣmīs''. | * Gothic has a small class of feminine nouns (sometimes called “i/ō-stems”) which follow the i-stem paradigm in the singular and the ō-stem in the plural. These nouns exclusively follow the i-stem in Valthungian. E.g. Gothic ''haims'', plural ''haimōs'', compared to Griutungi *''hǣms'', *''hǣmīs''. | ||
* The genitive singular of feminine i- and ō-stem nouns and adjectives in Valthungian is ''–is'' instead of the expected ''**–as'' (e.g. Gothic ''qēnais'' ‘wife’s’, ''gibōs'' ‘gift’s’, but [[Valthungian]] ''kwēnis'', ''givis'', suggesting a Griutungi ''*kwēnis'' and ''*gibis''). This may be partially due to paradigmatic levelling, but it is assumed that at least the feminine i-stem paradigm in Griutungi was identical to the masculine in all cases except for the dative. | * The genitive singular of feminine i- and ō-stem nouns and adjectives in Valthungian is ''–is'' instead of the expected ''**–as'' (e.g. Gothic ''qēnais'' ‘wife’s’, ''gibōs'' ‘gift’s’, but [[Valthungian]] ''kwēnis'', ''givis'', suggesting a Griutungi ''*kwēnis'' and ''*gibis''). This may be partially due to paradigmatic levelling, but it is assumed that at least the feminine i-stem paradigm in Griutungi was identical to the masculine in all cases except for the dative. | ||
* Gothic shows an alternation in the comparative and superlative of adjectives where some take an ''ō-'' ending and other take ''i-''. Valthungian exclusively takes ''i-'' for comparison. It is unknown whether Griutungi used both forms. | * Gothic shows an alternation in the comparative and superlative of adjectives where some take an ''ō-'' ending and other take ''i-''. Valthungian exclusively takes ''i-'' for comparison. It is unknown whether Griutungi used both forms. | ||
* The numbers 70, 80, and 90 in Gothic took a different ‘tens’ form which does not appear in [[Valthungian]], though likely due to later analogy. Gothic ''sibuntēhund'' ‘70’, ''ahtautēhund'' ‘80’, ''niuntēhund'' ‘90’, but Griutungi *''sibuntigjus'', *''ahtǭtigjus'', *''niuntigjus''; Valthungian ''sivuntiǧis'', ''ātatiǧis'', ''njuntiǧis''. | * The numbers 70, 80, and 90 in Gothic took a different ‘tens’ form which does not appear in [[Valthungian]], though likely due to later analogy. Gothic ''sibuntēhund'' ‘70’, ''ahtautēhund'' ‘80’, ''niuntēhund'' ‘90’, but Griutungi *''sibuntigjus'', *''ahtǭtigjus'', *''niuntigjus''; Valthungian ''sivuntiǧis'', ''ātatiǧis'', ''njuntiǧis''. | ||
* [[Valthungian]] also has a curious “trial distributive,” ''þrǣ'', analogous to the dual ''bǣ'' (Gothic ''bai''), though this is likely an innovation to the language well after Gothic times, rather than evidence of a Griutungi ''*þrǣ''. | |||
* [[Valthungian]] also has a curious “trial distributive,” ''þrǣ'', | |||