Hadda: Difference between revisions

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→‎Voice

Shariifka

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 ====Voice====
-Indicated by prefixes attached to the verb stem (after person prefixes). Unlike person prefixes, these do cause the initial consonant to lenite and lenite themselves when occurring after person or other voice prefixes. When multiple voice prefixes co-occur, the order is ''passive/reflexive/middle-inchoative/cessative-causative-inchoative/cessative-intensive'' (the position of the inchoative/cessative relative to the causative depends on if it means "started/stopped causing X" or "caused to start/stop X")  - e.g. ''nutaslaʃiŋahwayiyiiⱳan'' (<small>1S.NOM.2S.INS.PAS.INCH.CAUS.CESS.INTEN.</small>throw<small>.PST.IND</small>) "I started to be caused by you to stop throwing repeatedly".
+Indicated by prefixes attached to the verb stem. Unlike person prefixes, these do cause the initial consonant to lenite and lenite themselves when occurring after person or other voice prefixes. When multiple voice prefixes co-occur, the order is ''passive/reflexive/middle-inchoative/cessative-causative-inchoative/cessative-intensive'' (the position of the inchoative/cessative relative to the causative depends on if it means "started/stopped causing X" or "caused to start/stop X")  - e.g. ''nutaslaʃiŋafahwayiyiɓɓan'' (<small>1S.NOM.2S.INS.PAS.INCH.CAUS.3S.ABS.CESS.INTEN.</small>throw<small>.PST.IND</small>) "I started to be caused by you to stop habitually throwing it intensely".
 *Passive: ''-la-'' e.g. ''laǥaɓɓan'' "is thrown"
 **Indicates that the action is performed on the subject. The patient takes the nominative and the agent takes the instrumental.
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 **Indicates that an action affects the subject, without indicating the cause of the change.
 *Intensive: Formed by reduplicating ''-Ca-'' or ''-CaCa-'' - e.g. ''gaǥaaⱳan'', ''gaⱳaǥaaⱳan'' "is throwing repeatedly/intensely"
-*Causative: ''ŋa-'' e.g. ''ŋaǥaaⱳan'' "is causing to throw"
+*Causative: ''-ŋa-'' e.g. ''ŋaǥaaⱳan'' "is causing to throw"
-*Inchoative: ''ci-'' e.g. ''ciǥaaⱳan'' "is starting to throw"
+**Causative occurs after person prefixes if it is modified by them (e.g. "I caused X"), but before if it modifies them (e.g. "caused me to X").
-*Cessative: ''kwa-'' e.g. ''kwaǥaaⱳan'' "is stopping throwing"
+*Inchoative: ''-ci-'' e.g. ''ciǥaaⱳan'' "is starting to throw"
+*Cessative: ''-kwa-'' e.g. ''kwaǥaaⱳan'' "is stopping throwing"
 ====Negation====