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Hammadhi (view source)

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→‎Example verb: lixām "to write"
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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
 
<!--
The name ''ħammāðī'' comes from Sanskrit ''saṃvāda'' "conversation" with the adjectival suffix ''-ī'' (from Sanskrit ''-ika''). Therefore, its original meaning would have been "conversational [speech]" - i.e. the language used in everyday conversation.
-->
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
<!-- Example categories/headings:  
<!-- Example categories/headings:  
Goals
Goals
Setting
Setting
Inspiration
Inspiration
-->
-->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Consonant inventory
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Stress
Stress
Intonation
Intonation
-->


-->
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
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===Orthography===
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif"
|+ Hammadhi consonant phonemes
! colspan="2" |
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]/ [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]/ [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[w:Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| م m
|
| ن n
| ݧ ''ñ'' ɲ
| ڹ ŋ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3"  |[[w:Stop consonant|Stop]]
!  |[[w:Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
| پ p
| ت ''t'' t̪
| ٿ‎ ''<u>t</u>'' t
|
| ك k
|
| ء ʔ
|-
!  |[[w:Voiced consonant|voiced]]
| ب b
| د ''d'' d̪
| ڐ ''<u>d</u>'' d
|
| ڭ‎ ɡ
|
|
|-
!  |[[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic]]
| ڀ ''ṗ'' pˁ<!-- ~ pʼ-->
| ط ''ṭ'' t̪ˁ<!-- ~ t̪ʼ-->
| <!--ط (with 4 dots) ''t̳'' tˁ<!-- ~ tʼ-->
|
| ق <!--''q'' -->q<!-- ~ kʼ-->
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Affricate|Affricate]]
!  [[w:Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
|
|
|
| چ ''č'' tʃ
|
|
|
|-
! [[w:Voiced consonant|voiced]]
|
|
| 
| ج ''j'' dʒ
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3"| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!  [[w:Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
| ف f
| ث θ
| س s
| ش ''š'' ʃ
| خ ''x'' χ
| ح ''ḥ'' ħ
| هـ h
|-
! [[w:Voiced consonant|voiced]]
|
| ذ ð
| ز z
| <!--ژ ''ž'' ʒ-->
| غ ''ğ'' ʁ
| ع ʕ
|
|-
!  [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic]]
|
|
| ص ''ṣ'' sˁ<!--, ~ sʼ-->
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| ر r
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
|
|
| ل l
| ي ''y'' j
| و w
|
|
|}
'''Comments:'''
¹ Dental stops are laminal, while alveolar stops are apical.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif"
|+ Hammadhi vowel phonemes
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Short
! colspan="2" |Long
|-
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| بِ i
| بُ u
| بِي ''ī'' iː
| بُو ''ū'' uː
|-
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| بٖ e
| بٗ o
| بٖي ''ē'' eː
| بٗو ''ō'' oː
|-
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | بَ a
| colspan="2" | بَا ''ā'' aː
|-
!Diphthongs
| colspan="4" | بَوْ ''au'' aw; بَيْ ''ai'' aj
|-
|}
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
-->
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
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<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
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{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Hammadhi personal pronouns
|+ Hammadhi personal pronouns
! Person !! Number !! Familiarity !! Direct !! Oblique !! Clitic !! Possessive
! Person !! Number !! Familiarity !! Direct !! Oblique !! Possessive
|-
|-
! rowspan="4"| 1
! rowspan="4"| 1
! rowspan="2"| S
! rowspan="2"| S
! T
! Informal
| ʕōŋ
| عاڹ ʕāŋ
|
| مي mē
| mē
| مج majj
|  
|-
|-
! V
! Formal
| ham
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| هم ham
|
| rowspan="2"| همان hamān
| ham
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| P
! rowspan="2"| P
! T
! Informal
| ham
|
| ham
|-
|-
! V
! Formal
| bēŋ
| بيڹ bēŋ
|  
| نو nō
| māŋ
| نون nōn
|-
|-
! rowspan="4"| 2
! rowspan="4"| 2
! rowspan="2"| S
! rowspan="2"| S
! T
! Informal
| pōŋ <!--ṗōŋ-->
| پاڹ pāŋ
|
| تي tē
| ṭē
| تج tujj
|  
|-
! Formal
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| چم čum
| rowspan="2"| چمان čumān
|-
! rowspan="2"| P
! Informal
|-
! Formal
| جوڹ jūŋ
| بو bō
| بون bōn
|-
|-
! rowspan="4"| 3
! rowspan="2"| S
! Informal
| إيڹ ʔēŋ
| نين nēn
| أچ ʔačč
|-
|-
! V
! Formal
| jum
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| إيح ʔēħ
|
| rowspan="2"| إيحان ʔēħān
| jum
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| P
! rowspan="2"| P
! T
! Informal
| jum
|-
|
! Formal
| jum
| إم ʔim
| جو jō
| جون jōn
|-
|}
 
===Numerals===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Hammadhi numerals
! # !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Fractional
|-
! 0
| حݧ ħuññ
| حݧم ħuññam
| —
|-
! 1
| إك ʔekk
| پشم pašam
| ڀن ṗunn
|-
! 2
| بي bē
| بيجم bījjam
| هڐا ha<u>dd</u>ā
|-
! 3
| ٿي <u>t</u>ē
| ٿيجم <u>t</u>ījjam
| ٿباغ <u>t</u>ibāğ
|-
! 4
| صوار ṣawār
| صوارم ṣawāram
| صوٿ ṣau<u>t</u>
|-
! 5
| ڀنز ṗanz
| colspan="2"| ڀنزم ṗanzam
|-
! 6
| سٿ sa<u>tt</u>
| colspan="2"| سٿم sa<u>tt</u>am
|-
! 7
| حت ħatt
| colspan="2"| حتم ħattam
|-
! 8
| هٿا ha<u>tt</u>ā
| colspan="2"| هٿام ha<u>tt</u>ām
|-
! 9
| نو naww
| colspan="2"| نوم nawwam
|-
! 10
| دح daħ
| colspan="2"| دحم daħam
|-
! 11
| ياذح yāðaħ
| colspan="2"| ياذحم yāðaħam
|-
! 12
| باذح bāðaħ
| colspan="2"| باذحم bāðaħam
|-
! 13
| ٿيذح <u>t</u>ēðaħ
| colspan="2"| ٿيذحم <u>t</u>ēðaħam
|-
! 14
| صوڐح ṣau<u>d</u>aħ
| colspan="2"| صوڐحم ṣau<u>d</u>aħam
|-
! 15
| ڀنڐح ṗan<u>d</u>aħ
| colspan="2"| ڀنڐحم ṗan<u>d</u>aħam
|-
! 16
| حولح ħōlaħ
| colspan="2"| حولحم ħōlaħam
|-
! 17
| حذح ħaððaħ
| colspan="2"| حذحم ħaððaħam
|-
! 18
| هٿاذح ha<u>tt</u>āðaħ
| colspan="2"| هٿاذحم ha<u>tt</u>āðaħam
|-
! 19
| نوذح nōðaħ
| colspan="2"| نوذحم nōðaħam
|-
! 20
| بيح bīħ
| colspan="2"| بيحم bīħam
|-
! 21
| بيحا إك bīħā ʔekk
| colspan="2"| بيحا إكم bīħā ʔekkam
|-
! 30
| ٿيح <u>t</u>īħ
| colspan="2"| ٿيحم <u>t</u>īħam
|-
! 40
| صواريح ṣawārīħ
| colspan="2"| صواريحم ṣawārīħam
|-
! 50
| ڀنزيح ṗanzīħ
| colspan="2"| ڀنزيحم ṗanzīħam
|-
! 60
| سٿيح sa<u>tt</u>īħ
| colspan="2"| سٿيحم sa<u>tt</u>īħam
|-
! 70
| حتيح ħattīħ
| colspan="2"| حتيحم ħattīħam
|-
! 80
| هٿائيح ha<u>tt</u>āʔīħ
| colspan="2"| هٿائيحم ha<u>tt</u>āʔīħam
|-
! 90
| نويح nawwīħ
| colspan="2"| نويحم nawwīħam
|-
! 100
| حو ħaww
| colspan="2"| حوم ħawwam
|-
! 101
| حو إك ħaww ʔekk
| colspan="2"|  حو إكم ħaww ʔekkam
|-
! 200
| بي حو bē ħaww
| colspan="2"| بي حوم bē ħawwam
|-
! 1000
| حاچ ħāč
| colspan="2"| حاچم ħāčam
|-
|}
===Nouns===
===Verbs===
====Stems====
====Tenses====
====Example verb: ''lixām'' "to write"====
The verb ''lixām'' "to write" is conjugated as follows:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''lixām'' "to write"
! Infinitive
| ''lixām''
|-
! Present active participle
| ''lixān''
|-
! Present passive participle
| ''lixamān''
|-
! Past active participle
| ''lixipp''
|-
! Past passive participle
| ''lixī''
|-
! Future active participle
| ''lixejj''
|-
! Future passive participle
| ''lixanejj''
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Finite forms of the verb ''lixām'' "to write"
! Person
! First
! Second
! Third
! Zeroth
|-
! Aorist
| ''lixam''
| ''lixaθ''
| ''lixat''
| ''lixand''
|-
! Present active
| ''lixānam''
| ''lixānaθ''
| ''lixānat''
| ''lixānand''
|-
! Present passive
| ''lixamānam''
| ''lixamānaθ''
| ''lixamānat''
| ''lixamānand''
|-
! Past active
| ''lixippam''
| ''lixippaθ''
| ''lixippat''
| ''lixippand''
|-
! Past passive
| ''lixiyam''
| ''lixiyaθ''
| ''lixiyat''
| ''lixiyand''
|-
! Future active
| ''lixejjam''
| ''lixejjaθ''
| ''lixejjat''
| ''lixejjand''
|-
! Future passive
| ''lixanejjam''
| ''lixanejjaθ''
| ''lixanejjat''
| ''lixanejjand''
|-
|}
<!--
The forms in the above table are indicative. The corresponding subjunctives are formed with the infix ''-ejj-'' between the stem and the personal ending - e.g. first person forms are ''lixejjam''-->
 
 
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Finite forms of the verb "to be"
! Person !! Present !!
|-
|-
! V
!  
| jūŋ
|}-->
 
<!--
====The verb "to be"====
The verb "to be" is conjugated as follows:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb "to be"
! Infinitive
|  
|  
| bō
|-
! Present active participle
| ḥand
|-
|-
|}
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Finite forms of the verb "to be"
! Person !!
|}
-->


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Iranian languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
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