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Hantza/Nouns: Difference between revisions
→Possession
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==Pluralisation== | ==Pluralisation== | ||
Nouns | Nouns are not declined for case, that is, they are not marked to indicate whether they are the subject or object of a verb. Many nouns are not marked for the plural either; only grammatically animate nouns are pluralised in Hantza. | ||
Examples grammatically inanimate nouns are: | Examples grammatically inanimate nouns are: | ||
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*''domo'' - "flower" or "flowers" | *''domo'' - "flower" or "flowers" | ||
Grammatically animate nouns are marked as plural by the suffix ''-it''. This | Grammatically animate nouns are marked as plural by the suffix ''-it''. This elides any final vowel, nouns ending in a glottal stop replace it with ''-kat'' and nouns ending in ''-t'' change this to the affricate ''-tz''. | ||
*''tzaka'' and ''tzakit'' - "man, person" and "men, people" | *''tzaka'' and ''tzakit'' - "man, person" and "men, people" | ||
*''sing'' and ''singit'' - "star" and "stars" | *''sing'' and ''singit'' - "star" and "stars" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
In addition to this, there is an "integral possession" suffix, ''-ar'', used together with the possession prefix, which indicates that the possessed noun is part of its possessor. This is obvious in the examples of ''ofad'' " | In addition to this, there is an "integral possession" suffix, ''-ar'', used together with the possession prefix, which indicates that the possessed noun is part of its possessor. This is obvious in the examples of ''ofad'' "my meat" (food - alienable) and ''ofadar'' "my flesh" (body part - inalienable). However, such cases are rare. | ||
There are two distinct ways to stress ownership or possession. The first involves adding the prefix ''-sa-'' directly to the root noun: | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 218px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 218px; text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3" | Osahat! | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3" | /oˌsaˈhat/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3" | [ɔ.ˌsɐ.ˈħ̝ät] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| o- | | o- | ||
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| <small>boy</small> | | <small>boy</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3" | My own son! | ||
|} | |||
The nuance here is "my son" as opposed to any other person's son. | |||
The second way to stress possession is to use the personal pronoun in a genitival construction: | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 218px; text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" | Ohat pi wal? | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" | /oˈhat pi ↗wal/ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" | [ɔ.ˈħ̝äl pɪ ↗wäl] | |||
|- | |||
| o- | |||
| -hat | |||
| pi | |||
| wal | |||
|- | |||
| <small>1SG</small> | |||
| <small>boy</small> | |||
| <small>from</small> | |||
| <small>1SG</small> | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" | ''My'' son? | |||
|} | |} | ||
This is also used in similar expressions: "it is mine". | This is also used in similar expressions: "it is mine". | ||
Possessed nouns | Possessed nouns cannot be used in conjunction with the definite article. | ||
==Personal== | ==Personal== | ||
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*''Bibo tam?'' "''Whose'' mother?" - /bibo ↗tam/ | *''Bibo tam?'' "''Whose'' mother?" - /bibo ↗tam/ | ||
*''Bibo tam?'' "Whose ''mother''?" - /bi↗bo tam/ | *''Bibo tam?'' "Whose ''mother''?" - /bi↗bo tam/ | ||
*''Bizza tam?'' "''Whose'' table?" - /bidza ↗tam/ | |||
*''Bizza tam?'' "Whose ''table''?" - /↗bidza tam/ | |||
*"What?" | *"What?" | ||
*"Which?" | *"Which?" | ||
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Cardinal, ordinal, adverbial, multiplier, distributive, collective, fractional | Cardinal, ordinal, adverbial, multiplier, distributive, collective, fractional | ||
{{ | {{Hantza}} | ||