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Hantza/Verbs: Difference between revisions
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! colspan="4" |Other prefixes | ! colspan="4" |Other prefixes | ||
! colspan="1" |Stem | ! colspan="1" |Stem | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="3" |Suffixes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1 | | 1 | ||
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| 9 | | 9 | ||
| 10 | | 10 | ||
| 11 | |||
|- | |- | ||
| <small>object</small> | | <small>object</small> | ||
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| <small>copula</small> | | <small>copula</small> | ||
| '''<small>stem</small>''' | | '''<small>stem</small>''' | ||
| <small>applicative</small> | |||
| <small>evidentiality</small> | | <small>evidentiality</small> | ||
| <small>negative</small> | | <small>negative</small> | ||
|} | |} | ||
Despite the large number of slots, it is impossible for all | Despite the large number of slots, it is impossible for all eleven to be occupied by a single conjugated verb and highly unusual for only one to be left vacant. | ||
An extreme example, where seven of the | An extreme example, where seven of the eleven slots are occupied, would be the translation of the English "apparently he may not give it to you". This is provided below. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 548px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 548px; text-align:center;" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
This eight syllable word also illustrates the [[Hantza#Morphophonological_processes|morphophonological processes]] of assimilation (''-ti-'' + ''-tu-'' = ''-tzu-'') and metathesis (''-kap-'' + ''-mò'' = ''-kampò''). | This eight-syllable word also illustrates the [[Hantza#Morphophonological_processes|morphophonological processes]] of assimilation (''-ti-'' + ''-tu-'' = ''-tzu-'') and metathesis (''-kap-'' + ''-mò'' = ''-kampò''). | ||
==Person marking== | ==Person marking== | ||
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==Polarity== | ==Polarity== | ||
Negatives are formed by the suffix ''-mò''. | Negatives are formed by the suffix ''-mò''. | ||
==Applicative== | |||
Applicative suffixes are used to incorporate an oblique argument or an adjunct to a core argument of the verb. This also affects the person marking on the verb. | |||
There are multiple applicatives in Hantza: instrumental, comitative, locative, benefactive and, less commonly, malefactive. | |||
Applicatives are primarily used to shift the focus onto the oblique argument. This is especially common when, in narrative context, certain characters are being kept at the centre of the discourse. | |||
==Evidentiality== | ==Evidentiality== | ||
Evidentiality is marked on the verb by suffixation. | Evidentiality is marked on the verb by suffixation. | ||
The division of evidentials is similar to that of the South American languages Aymara and Quechua; there exists a three way distinction. The first version provided is used post-consonantally, the second post-vocalically | The division of evidentials is similar to that of the South American languages Aymara and Quechua; there exists a three way distinction. The first version provided is used post-consonantally, the second post-vocalically: | ||
*Witness: ''-am-'', ''-am-'' | *Witness: ''-am-'', ''-am-'' | ||
*Inferential: ''-ang-'', ''-ng-'' | *Inferential: ''-ang-'', ''-ng-'' | ||