Harākti

Harākti
Harākti
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|xaˈɾaːkti]]
Created by	–
Language family	Indo-European Anatolian (?) Harākti
Early form	Old Harākti (?)

Harākti (harākti [xaˈɾaːkti]) is an Indo-European language. It is part of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European languages, although it differs extensivly from the rest of the Anatolian languages, which is the reason for some speculation regarding its place within the Indo-European family. The strognest argument placed forward in favour of Harākti being an Anatolian language is the fact that, like Hittite, it is a language that reflected some of the laryngeal sounds as consonants. Its verbal system likewise resembles that of Hittite, and the general symplicity of the declensional and conjugational systems is again a characteristic shared with the Anatolian languages.

Phonology

The phonology of Harākti is a direct result of phonological changes or sound shifts from Proto-Indo-European. The majority of the changes are regular and can be tracked down to Proto-Indo-European and they have frequent cognates in modern Indo-European languages. In general, the phonology of the language is fairly simple, resembling the Hittite phonology system in terms of consonants and the Latin phonology system in terms of vowels.

Consonants

Harākti has a simple system of consonants - a total of 16 (or 18) consonants.

Harākti consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
					plain	labialised
Nasal	m		n
Plosive		p b	t d		k g	kʷ gʷ
Fricative			s		x ɣ
Approximant		ʋ		(j)		(w)
Flap or tap			ɾ
Lateral app.			l

Note:

• the consonants /j/ and /w/ are usually analyzed as non-vocalic vowels /i̯/ and /u̯/.

Vowels

Harākti has a simple system of the basic 5 (cardinal) vowels. However, they can be either short or long, which brings the total number of vowels to 10.

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i	iː			u	uː
Close-mid	e	eː			o	oː
Open			a	aː

Note:

• the near-mid short vowels [e o] may be lowered to mid [e̞ o̞] or open-mid vowels [ɛ ɔ] when in unstressed possitions.

Phonetic changes

The following two tables sum up (most of) the regular changes from Proto-Indo-European to Harākti.

Consonants
Proto-Indo-European	Harākti
*p	p
*t	t
*ḱ	k
*k	k
*kʷ	kʷ <ku>
*b	b
*d	d
*ǵ	g, x <h>
*g	g
*gʷ	gʷ <gu>
*bʰ	b
*dʰ	d
*ǵʰ	g
*gʰ	ɣ <gh>
*gʷʰ	ɣ <gh>
*s	s
*m	m
*-m	-n
*n	n
*l	l
*r	ɾ <r>
*i̯	i̯ <i>
*u̯	ʋ <v>; u̯ <u>

Vowels
Trad. PIE	Laryngeal PIE	Harākti
*e	*e, *h₁e	e
*a	(*a), *h₂e	ha
*o	*h₃e	a, e, ha
	*o	a, o
*ə	*h₁	a
	*h₂	ah, ha
	*h₃	o, oh
*-	*h₁-	a, Ø
	*h₂-	ha
	*h₃-	ha
*ē	*ē, *eh₁	ē
*ā	(*ā), *eh₂	ah
*ō	*ō, *eh₃	ō
*i	*i	i
*ī	*ih₁	ī
	*ih₂	ih
	*ih₃	ī
*ei	*ei, *h₁ei	ē
*oi	*oi, *h₃ei	ā
*ai	(*ai), *h₂ei	hā
*ēi	*ēi	ei
*ōi	*ōi (*oei)	o
*āi	*eh₂ei	ēh
*u	*u	u
*ū	*uh₁	ū
	*uh₂	uh
	*uh₃	ū
*eu	*eu, *h₁eu	eu, ū
*ou	*ou,*h₃eu	ho
*au	(*au), *h₂eu	hau, hū
*ēu	*ēu	ē
*ōu	*ōu	ā
*m̥	*m̥	am, -ān
*m̥̅	*mh₁	mā
	*mh₂	mē
	*mh₃	mō
*m̥m	*m̥m	em
*n̥	*n̥	an
*n̥̄	*nh₁	nā
	*nh₂	nē
	*nh₃	nō
*n̥n	*n̥n	en
*l̥	*l̥	al
*l̥̄	*lh₁	lā
	*lh₂	lē
	*lh₃	lō
*l̥l	*l̥l	el
*r̥	*r̥	ar
*r̥̄	*rh₁	rā
	*rh₂	rē
	*rh₃	rō
*r̥r	*r̥r	er

Orthography

The letter-to-sound ratio is virtually 1:1, with the exception of a digraph - see below:

Letter	A	B	D	E	G	GH	H	I	K	L	M	N	O	P	R	S	T	U	V
Sound	a	b	d	e	g	ɣ	x	i	k	l	m	n	o	p	ɾ	s	t	u	ʋ
Letter	Ā			Ē	GU			Ī	KU				Ō					Ū
Sound	aː			eː	gʷ			iː	kʷ				oː					uː
Letter								I										U
Sound								i̯										u̯

Grammar

The grammar of Harākti is essentially a reflex of Proto-Indo-European grammar. It's an inflectional language with well developed declentional and conjugational patters. Especially the verbal morphology is closer to Hittite verbal morphology than to Latin or Sanskrit. Unlike Hittite, however, Harākti has three genders, even though the declensions often overlap. The main declensions can mostly be traced to PIE declensions.

Nouns

Nouns belong to one of the three genders: masculine, feminine or neuter. Apart from that, mouns are inflected for three numbers: singular, dual and plural; as well as for eight cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, allative, ablative, and locative. The three genders also correspond to three main declenions, but there are several other minor delcensions, and many nouns of different genders are declined the same - the declension is decided based on the gender of a noun and the final sound(s).

First declension

The first declension is typically considered a masculine declension but many feminine nouns belong to this declension as well. The common endings are constonants and vowels -e and -a.

First declension
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-Ø/e/a	-ei	-ei
Genitive	-ī	-en	-en
Dative	-ē	-ēm	-ām
Accusative	-ān	-ei	-an
Instrumental	-ēn	-i	-(b/p)i
Allative	-ai	-ate	-at
Ablative	-is	-īs	-ās
Locative	-et	-eu	-(s)u

First declension: pōd (foot)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	pōd	pōdei	pōdei
Genitive	pōdī	pōden	pōden
Dative	pōdē	pōdēm	pōdām
Accusative	pōdān	pōdei	pōdan
Instrumental	pōdēn	pōdi	pōdi
Allative	pōdai	pōdate	pōdat
Ablative	pōdis	pōdīs	pōdās
Locative	pōdet	pōdeu	pōdu

Second declension

The second declension is traditionally seen a feminine declension but some masculine nouns belong to this declension as well. The common endings are -ti, -e and -i.

Second declension
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-e/i	-ei	-ēi
Genitive	-ē	-en	-ēn
Dative	-ēiē	-ēm	-īm
Accusative	-in	-ei	-īn
Instrumental	-ī	-ā	-ibi
Allative	-ai	-ate	-at
Ablative	-ēs	-īs	-ās
Locative	-et	-eu	-(s)u

Second declension: hāvi (sheep)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	hāvi	hāvei	hāvēi
Genitive	hāvē	hāven	hāvēn
Dative	hāvēiē	hāvēm	hāvīm
Accusative	hāvin	hāvei	hāvīn
Instrumental	hāvī	hāvā	hāvibi
Allative	hāvai	hāvate	hāvat
Ablative	hāvēs	hāvīs	hāvās
Locative	hāvet	hāveu	hāvsu

Third declension

The third declension is typically considered a neuter declension. The third declension is used almost exclusively by neuter nouns, only a few masculine and feminine nouns belong to this declension. The common endings are vowels -ā, -o and -u.

Third declension
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-ā/o/u	-oi	-ai
Genitive	-ō	-ōn	-ōn
Dative	-ēi	-ōm	-ōm
Accusative	-an	-oi	-on
Instrumental	-ēn	-ī	-(o)b/pi
Allative	-ai	-ote	-ot
Ablative	-ēt	-ēs	-ōs
Locative	-ei	-ū	-(o)su

Third declension: aku (eye)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	aku	akoi	akai
Genitive	akō	akōn	akōn
Dative	akēi	akōm	akōm
Accusative	akan	akoi	akon
Instrumental	akēn	akī	akpi
Allative	akai	akote	akot
Ablative	akēt	akēs	akōs
Locative	akei	akū	aksu

Fourth declension

The fourth declension consists of nouns that end in -ah, regardless of the gender (however, the majority of nouns are feminine). There is a variant of this declension for nouns ending in -āh.

Fourth declension (main)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-ah	-ahe	-ahei
Genitive	-āh	-ahen	-ahen
Dative	-ahē	-ahēm	-ām
Accusative	-an	-ahe	-ahan
Instrumental	-ahēn	-ahā	-ahpi
Allative	-aha	-ahte	-ahat
Ablative	-ās	-ahī	-ahām
Locative	-ahi	-ahū	-ahsu

Fourth declension: harākah (river)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	harākah	harākahe	harākahei
Genitive	harākāh	harākahen	harākahen
Dative	harākahē	harākahēm	harākām
Accusative	harākan	harākahe	harākahan
Instrumental	harākahēn	harākahā	harākahpi
Allative	harākaha	harākahte	harākahat
Ablative	harākās	harākahī	harākahām
Locative	harākahi	harākahū	harākahsu

Fourth declension (minor)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-āh	-āhe	-āhei
Genitive	-āhī	-āhen	-āhen
Dative	-āhē	-āhēm	-āhām
Accusative	-āhān	-āhe	-āhan
Instrumental	-āhēn	-āhā	-āhpi
Allative	-āha	-āhte	-āhat
Ablative	-āhis	-āhīs	-āhās
Locative	-āhi	-āhū	-āhsu

Fourth declension (minor): danghāh (language)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	danghāh	danghāhe	danghāhei
Genitive	danghāhī	danghāhen	danghāhen
Dative	danghāhē	danghāhēm	danghāhām
Accusative	danghāhān	danghāhe	danghāhan
Instrumental	danghāhēn	danghāhā	danghāhpi
Allative	danghāha	danghāhte	danghāhat
Ablative	danghāhis	danghāhīs	danghāhās
Locative	danghāhi	danghāhū	danghāhsu

Fifth declension

The fifth declension is rather limited and it consits of words that end in -ēr (or -ōr). The nouns can be either masculine or feminine - and they are mostly nouns denoting family members. It is often considered a subtype of the first declenstion.

Fifth declension
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-ēr/ōr	-ere	-erē
Genitive	-arī	-aren	-aren
Dative	-arē	-arēm	-arām
Accusative	-erān	-ere	-aran
Instrumental	-arēn	-ari	-arbi
Allative	-ara	-arate	-arat
Ablative	-aris	-arīs	-arā
Locative	-eri	-areu	-arsu

Fifth declension: mahtēr (mother)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	mahtēr	mahtere	mahterē
Genitive	mahtarī	mahtaren	mahtaren
Dative	mahtarē	mahtarēm	mahtarām
Accusative	mahterān	mahtere	mahtaran
Instrumental	mahtarēn	mahtari	mahtarbi
Allative	mahtara	mahtarate	mahtarat
Ablative	mahtaris	mahtarīs	mahtarā
Locative	mahteri	mahtareu	mahtarsu

Sixth declension

The sixth declension is used for masculine and feminine nouns ending in -u.

Sixth declension
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-u	-ue	-uē
Genitive	-ū	-uen	-uen
Dative	-ē	-ēm	-ām
Accusative	-ūn	-ue	-un
Instrumental	-uēn	-ui	-ubi
Allative	-ua	-ute	-ut
Ablative	-us	-ūs	-ūs
Locative	-uet	-ueu	-(u)su

Sixth declension: digu (fish)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	digu	digue	diguē
Genitive	digū	diguen	diguen
Dative	digē	digēm	digām
Accusative	digūn	digue	digun
Instrumental	diguēn	digui	digubi
Allative	digua	digute	digut
Ablative	digus	digūs	digūs
Locative	diguet	digueu	digusu

Seventh declension

The seventh declension is used by noun that end in -ar. However, not every such noun belongs to this declension - only a handful of nouns belong to the seventh declension.

Sixth declension
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-ar	-are	-uē
Genitive	-arī	-aren	-aren
Dative	-arē	-ēm	-ām
Accusative	-ān	-are	-aran
Instrumental	-ēn	-ari	-abi
Allative	-ara	-ate	-arat
Ablative	-is	-īs	-ās
Locative	-aret	-arū	-aru

Sixth declension: eshar (blood)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	eshar	eshare	eshei
Genitive	esharī	esharen	esharen
Dative	esharē	eshēm	eshām
Accusative	eshān	eshare	esharan
Instrumental	eshēn	eshari	eshabi
Allative	eshara	eshate	esharat
Ablative	eshis	eshīs	eshās
Locative	esharet	esharū	esharu

Eighth declension

The eighth declension is often called the irregular declension. Only a few nouns belong to this declension. They mostly follow the same pattern but usually each noun is specific. The typical ending is -Vr/vV or -VVr.

Eighth declension: daru (tree)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	daru	daruī	daruh
Genitive	drēu	dreuen	dreuen
Dative	dreuē	drēm	drūm
Accusative	daru	daruī	daruh
Instrumental	drū	drei	drubi
Allative	dreua	drute	drut
Ablative	dreis	drīs	drūs
Locative	dreui	dreu	drusu

Eighth declension: duer (door)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	duer	dueruī	dueruh
Genitive	durēu	dureuen	dureuen
Dative	dureuē	durēm	durūm
Accusative	duer	dueruī	dueruh
Instrumental	durū	durei	durubi
Allative	dureua	durute	durut
Ablative	dureis	durīs	durūs
Locative	dureui	dureu	durusu

Eighth declension: divu (day)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	divu	divuī	divuh
Genitive	dvēu	dveuen	dveuen
Dative	dveuē	dvēm	dvūm
Accusative	divu	divuī	divuh
Instrumental	dvū	dvei	dvubi
Allative	dveua	dvute	dvut
Ablative	dveis	dvīs	dvūs
Locative	dveui	dveu	dvusu