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[[Hlou- | [[Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon]] | ||
'''Hlou-Shum''' ([[Hlou]]: ''Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xön''; [[Ko]]: ''lees yoo ndoigh Hloodh-Xoo'') is a placeholder name for a language family that includes [[Hlou]]. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, '''Proto-Hlou-Shum''' (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages. | |||
TODO: actually look at OC more | |||
==Family tree== | ==Family tree== | ||
*Proto-Hlou- | *Proto-Hlou-Shum | ||
**[[Hlou]] (''Schlaub'') | **[[Hlou]] (''Ntzog Schlaub'') | ||
**[[ | **Shumic | ||
***[[Shum]] (''lhàu śúṃ'') | |||
**[[Ko]] (''lees ndoigh Komh'') | |||
**[[Tlu]] (χμῶ Τλὣ) | |||
**[[Liai]] (''hmỳ Liaĩ'') | |||
**[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'') | **[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'') | ||
===Timeline=== | |||
Proto-Hlou-Shum: 2500 years BP | |||
==Writing system== | |||
Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ko and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
A Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure | |||
(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C) <sup>tone</sup>. | |||
Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes. | |||
===Initials=== | ===Initials=== | ||
*p t tθ ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ | |||
*bh dh dθh dsh dxh ģh gh gwh | |||
*b d dθ ds dx ǵ g gw | |||
*f θ s x h | |||
*F Θ S X H = voiced/breathy f θ s x h | |||
*m n ń ŋ y r l w | |||
*M N Ń Ŋ Y R L W = breathy counterparts | |||
θ-series > ɬ-series in some descendants | |||
Ko and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l. | |||
===Nuclei=== | ===Nuclei=== | ||
a e i o u ə ai au | a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə | ||
===Coda=== | ===Coda=== | ||
Allowed finals: | Allowed finals: | ||
*-p -t -k | |||
*-mp -nt -nk | |||
*-m -n -l -w -y | |||
*-ʔ -s | |||
*nasal + s or ʔ | |||
*plosive + s | |||
===Tones=== | |||
PHS was non-tonal. The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS: | |||
*A: -0, -N, -l | |||
*B: -ʔ | |||
*C: -s | |||
*D: -t | |||
*E: -p, -k | |||
The incidence of tones A, B, C in Hlou-Shum words follows the ratio 2:1:1. | |||
2 | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese. | |||
===Reduplication=== | |||
Total reduplication was used for noun plurals, verbal imperatives, and adverbs from adjectives. | |||
Some descendants turned this into partial reduplication. | |||
===Derivation=== | |||
Sometimes two prefixes could be used. | |||
*''s-'': nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer | |||
**''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' > ''slouʔ'' 'springlike, where there is spring' | |||
*''-ʔ'': nominalization | |||
**''lou'' 'to plant' > ''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' | |||
*m- preinitial | |||
*r- preinitial | |||
**lenition/retroflexion in Hlou | |||
*θ- preinitial | |||
**changes some consonants in Shum | |||
**maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial | |||
==Reflexes== | |||
=== Hlou === | |||
==== Initials ==== | |||
Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed) | |||
*ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x | |||
*pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl | |||
*npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl | |||
*bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl | |||
*nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl | |||
*fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl | |||
*tzl tsl > tz ts | |||
*ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx | |||
*dz ds dxl > dz ds dx | |||
*ndzl ndsl ndxl > nl nl nl | |||
*ml nl > ml nl | |||
*pr, br > pf, v | |||
*kr, gr > sch | |||
*tr, dr > tr, dr | |||
*sp, st, str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schr, schl, x, sch | |||
*sm, sn, sṇ, sń > schm, schn, schr, x | |||
*stz sts stx > tz ts tx | |||
The n-preinitial turns some consonants into prenasalized consonants | |||
The r-preinitial (some koineization) | |||
*r-p r-t r-ḱ r-k r-ʔ > f tr sch sch h | |||
*r-np r-nt r-nḱ r-nk > mpf ntr nk nk | |||
*r-b r-d r-ǵ r-g > v dr j g | |||
*r-nb r-nd r-nǵ r-ng > mpf ndr ng ng | |||
*r-f r-v r-z r-s r-x r-h > f w ntz nts ntx h | |||
*r-tz r-ts r-tx > z s x | |||
*r-ntz r-nts r-ntx > ntz nts ntx | |||
*r-dz r-ds r-dx > j j j | |||
*r-ndz r-nds r-ndx > ntz nts ntx | |||
*r-m r-n r-ń r-y r-l r-w > w n j j drl r | |||
*r-Cl > drl, trl, ndrl, ntrl | |||
-k > glottal stop final | |||
==== Tones ==== | |||
Tone split from voiceless initial/voiced initial? | |||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
! Tone class | |||
! Voiceless initial (5/8) | |||
! Voiced initial (3/8) | |||
|- | |||
! A (10/27) | |||
| ''-b'' (23%) | |||
| ''-0'' (14%) | |||
|- | |||
! B (5/27) | |||
| ''-n'' (12%) | |||
| ''-s'' (6.9%) | |||
|- | |||
! C (5/27) | |||
| ''-s'' (12%) | |||
| ''-g'' (6.9%) | |||
|- | |||
! D (4/27) | |||
| ''-ß'' (9.3%) | |||
| ''-d'' (5.6%) | |||
|- | |||
! E (3/27) | |||
| ''-hn'' (6.9%) | |||
| ''-h'' (4.2%) | |||
|} | |||
Among non-E syllables the distribution is: | |||
b (23%) > s (19%) > 0 (14%) > n (12%) > ß (9.3%) > g (6.9%) > d (5.6%) | |||
===Shum=== | |||
s- triggers tone split | |||
b p > bh p | |||
sb sp > b p | |||
np nb > b mh | |||
spr pr > ph p | |||
sbr br > bh bh | |||
nCl, r.Cl > nl or nlh | |||
l > l, D.l > ll | |||
f > h | |||
Dp Db Dt Dd Dk Dg > f v th dh ch gh | |||
f v th dh ch gh > p bh t dh k gh | |||
x > tl | |||
z > ś, s > s | |||
k' > ś, g' > jh | |||
*kw > p | |||
*gw > v > vh in shum | |||
*w > w > v in shum | |||
==Sample== | |||
'''ʔouh ʔak zamp-zamp''' | |||
The Sheep and the Horses | |||
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Language families]] | |||