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Hlou-Shum languages (view source)

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[[Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon]]
[[Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon]]


The '''Hlou-Shum languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''bo brits Lloo-Xwm''; [[Hlou]]: ''Schmë Ntzog Schlaub-Xul''; [[Ko]]: ''lees yoo ndoigh Hloobh-Xoo'') are a small family of languages native to [[Verse:Tricin/Bjeheond]]. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, '''Proto-Hlou-Shum''' (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of IE languages recast as Hmong-like languages. Hlou-Shum languages had much more importance in the past, but today [[Tergetian]] and [[Rhythoed]] are more dominant in Bjeheond.
'''Hlou-Shum''' ([[Hlou]]: ''Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xön''; [[Ko]]: ''lees yoo ndoigh Hloodh-Xoo'') is a placeholder name for a language family that includes [[Hlou]]. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, '''Proto-Hlou-Shum''' (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages.
TODO: actually look at OC more
 
==Family tree==
==Family tree==
*Proto-Hlou-Shum
*Proto-Hlou-Shum
**[[Hlou]] (''Ntzog Schlaub'') <!-- schm-reduplication -->
**[[Hlou]] (''Ntzog Schlaub'')
**[[Shum]] (''llhau syuun'')
**Shumic
**[[Ko]] (''lees ndoigh Komh'') <!-- "murder of crows" -->
***[[Shum]] (''lhàu śúṃ'')
**[[Ko]] (''lees ndoigh Komh'')
**[[Tlu]] (χμῶ Τλὣ)
**[[Liai]] (''hmỳ Liaĩ'')
**[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'')
**[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'')
**[[Liai]] (''hmyg Liaid'')
**[[Tlu]] (χμωωβ Τλωδ)
**[[Vreeden]]


===Timeline===
===Timeline===
Line 16: Line 18:


==Writing system==
==Writing system==
Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ku and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems.
Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ko and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The following presents [[Verse:Tricin/Schlomo Schngellstein|Schlomo Schngellstein]]'s reconstruction of Proto-Hlou-Shum.
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
The typical Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure
A Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure


(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C)<sup>tone</sup>.
(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C) <sup>tone</sup>.


Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes.
Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes.


===Initials===
===Initials===
*p t ṭ ḱ k ʔ
*p t tθ ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ
*np nt nṭ nḱ nk
*bh dh dθh dsh dxh ģh gh gwh
*b d ḍ ǵ g
*b d dθ ds dx ǵ g gw
*nb nd nḍ nǵ ng
*f θ s x h
*f v z s x h (z, s, x as in Basque)
*F Θ S X H = voiced/breathy f θ s x h
*tz ts tx
*m n ń ŋ y r l w
*ntz nts ntx
*M N Ń Ŋ Y R L W = breathy counterparts
*dz ds dx
*ndz nds ndx
*m n ṇ ń y r l w


s-series > ɬ-series in some descendants
θ-series > ɬ-series in some descendants


Ku and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.
Ko and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.


===Nuclei===
===Nuclei===
a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə - a few more vowels for Liai
a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə
 
Nasal vowels?


===Coda===
===Coda===
Allowed finals: just -ŋ, -k, -h, -ʔ  
Allowed finals:  
*-p -t -k  
*-mp -nt -nk
*-m -n -l -w -y
*-ʔ -s
*nasal + s or ʔ
*plosive + s


Cheshirized grammatical particles -> lenition, eclipsis in Ku
===Tones===
PHS was non-tonal.  The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS:
*A: -0, -N, -l
*B: -ʔ
*C: -s
*D: -t
*E: -p, -k


===Tones===
The incidence of tones A, B, C in Hlou-Shum words follows the ratio 2:1:1.
3 tones: -0, -H, -X


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese.
Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese.
===Reduplication===
Total reduplication was used for noun plurals, verbal imperatives, and adverbs from adjectives.
Some descendants turned this into partial reduplication.
===Derivation===
===Derivation===
TODO: preinitial prefixes
Sometimes two prefixes could be used.
*{{angbr|l}} infix?
*''s-'': nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer
*''s-'': nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer
**''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' > ''slouʔ'' 'springlike, where there is spring'
**''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' > ''slouʔ'' 'springlike, where there is spring'
*''-ʔ'': nominalization
*''-ʔ'': nominalization
**''lou'' 'to plant' > ''louʔ'' 'spring (season)'
**''lou'' 'to plant' > ''louʔ'' 'spring (season)'
*n- preinitial
*m- preinitial
*r- preinitial
*r- preinitial
**lenition in Hlou
**lenition/retroflexion in Hlou
*D- preinitial (dentalizes some consonants in Shum)
*θ- preinitial  
**changes some consonants in Shum
**maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial


==Reflexes==
==Reflexes==
===Initials===
=== Hlou ===
====Hlou====
==== Initials ====
pr, br > pʂ > pf in Hlou
Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed)
*ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x
*pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl
*npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl
*bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl
*nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl
*fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl
*tzl tsl > tz ts
*ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx
*dz ds dxl > dz ds dx
*ndzl ndsl ndxl > nl nl nl
*ml nl > ml nl
*pr, br > pf, v
*kr, gr > sch
*tr, dr > tr, dr
*sp, st, str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schr, schl, x, sch
*sm, sn, sṇ, sń > schm, schn, schr, x
*stz sts stx > tz ts tx
 
The n-preinitial turns some consonants into prenasalized consonants


kr, gr > sch in Hlou
The r-preinitial (some koineization)
*r-p r-t r-ḱ r-k r-ʔ > f tr sch sch h
*r-np r-nt r-nḱ r-nk > mpf ntr nk nk
*r-b r-d r-ǵ r-g > v dr j g
*r-nb r-nd r-nǵ r-ng > mpf ndr ng ng
*r-f r-v r-z r-s r-x r-h > f w ntz nts ntx h
*r-tz r-ts r-tx > z s x
*r-ntz r-nts r-ntx > ntz nts ntx
*r-dz r-ds r-dx > j j j
*r-ndz r-nds r-ndx > ntz nts ntx
*r-m r-n r-ń r-y r-l r-w > w n j j drl r
*r-Cl > drl, trl, ndrl, ntrl


tr, dr > tr, dr in Hlou
-k > glottal stop final
==== Tones ====
Tone split from voiceless initial/voiced initial?
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Tone class
! Voiceless initial (5/8)
! Voiced initial (3/8)
|-
! A (10/27)
| ''-b'' (23%)
| ''-0'' (14%)
|-
! B (5/27)
| ''-n'' (12%)
| ''-s'' (6.9%)
|-
! C (5/27)
| ''-s'' (12%)
| ''-g'' (6.9%)
|-
! D (4/27)
| ''-ß'' (9.3%)
| ''-d'' (5.6%)
|-
! E (3/27)
| ''-hn'' (6.9%)
| ''-h'' (4.2%)
|}


sp, st, sT/str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schnr, schl, schr, sch
Among non-E syllables the distribution is:


stz sts stx > tz ts tx
b (23%) > s (19%) > 0 (14%) > n (12%) >  ß (9.3%) > g (6.9%) > d (5.6%)


====Shum====
===Shum===
s- triggers tone split
s- triggers tone split


Line 102: Line 172:
f > h
f > h


===Rimes===
Dp Db Dt Dd Dk Dg > f v th dh ch gh
===Tones===
 
====Hlou====
f v th dh ch gh > p bh t dh k gh
*-H > -n
 
*-ʔ (unmarked tone), -X > -b
x > tl
 
z > ś, s > s
 
k' > ś, g' > jh
 
*kw > p
*gw > v > vh in shum
*w > w > v in shum
 
==Sample==
'''ʔouh ʔak zamp-zamp'''
 
The Sheep and the Horses
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Language families]]
IlL
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