Hlou-Shum languages: Difference between revisions

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→‎Initials: why not have breathy voiced stops if there are other breathy voiced consonants

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-'''Xaetjeonw''' /ɮɛtʃən/ (Xaetjeon: ''baeyghnae Xaetjeon'') is a [[Naquic languages|Naquic language]] whose aesthetics is based on Praimhín's Rencadian (which has been abandoned by the author). It is a modern descendant of [[Naquian]].
+[[Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon]]
-Numbers 1-12: baev, diho, natj-S, tqov, dzaweo, bael-S, oth, loseoth, bas-S, gaeyo, dav, dadheo-S (multiples of 3 seimhiu)
+'''Hlou-Shum''' ([[Hlou]]: ''Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xön''; [[Ko]]: ''lees yoo ndoigh Hloodh-Xoo'') is a placeholder name for a language family that includes [[Hlou]]. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, '''Proto-Hlou-Shum''' (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages.
+TODO: actually look at OC more
+==Family tree==
+*Proto-Hlou-Shum
+**[[Hlou]] (''Ntzog Schlaub'')
+**Shumic
+***[[Shum]] (''lhàu śúṃ'')
+**[[Ko]] (''lees ndoigh Komh'')
+**[[Tlu]] (χμῶ Τλὣ)
+**[[Liai]] (''hmỳ Liaĩ'')
+**[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'')
+===Timeline===
+Proto-Hlou-Shum: 2500 years BP
+==Writing system==
+Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ko and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems.
 ==Phonology==
+===Phonotactics===
+A Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure
+(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C) <sup>tone</sup>.
+Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes.
+===Initials===
+*p t tθ ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ
+*bh dh dθh dsh dxh ģh gh gwh
+*b d dθ ds dx ǵ g gw
+*f θ s x h
+*F Θ S X H = voiced/breathy f θ s x h
+*m n ń ŋ y r l w
+*M N Ń Ŋ Y R L W = breathy counterparts
+θ-series > ɬ-series in some descendants
+Ko and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.
+===Nuclei===
+a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə
+===Coda===
+Allowed finals:
+*-p -t -k
+*-mp -nt -nk
+*-m -n -l -w -y
+*-ʔ -s
+*nasal + s or ʔ
+*plosive + s
+===Tones===
+PHS was non-tonal.  The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS:
+*A: -0, -N, -l
+*B: -ʔ
+*C: -s
+*D: -t
+*E: -p, -k
+The incidence of tones A, B, C in Hlou-Shum words follows the ratio 2:1:1.
+==Grammar==
+Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese.
+===Reduplication===
+Total reduplication was used for noun plurals, verbal imperatives, and adverbs from adjectives.
+Some descendants turned this into partial reduplication.
+===Derivation===
+Sometimes two prefixes could be used.
+*''s-'': nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer
+**''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' > ''slouʔ'' 'springlike, where there is spring'
+*''-ʔ'': nominalization
+**''lou'' 'to plant' > ''louʔ'' 'spring (season)'
+*m- preinitial
+*r- preinitial
+**lenition/retroflexion in Hlou
+*θ- preinitial
+**changes some consonants in Shum
+**maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial
+==Reflexes==
+=== Hlou ===
+==== Initials ====
+Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed)
+*ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x
+*pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl
+*npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl
+*bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl
+*nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl
+*fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl
+*tzl tsl > tz ts
+*ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx
+*dz ds dxl > dz ds dx
+*ndzl ndsl ndxl > nl nl nl
+*ml nl > ml nl
+*pr, br > pf, v
+*kr, gr > sch
+*tr, dr > tr, dr
+*sp, st, str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schr, schl, x, sch
+*sm, sn, sṇ, sń > schm, schn, schr, x
+*stz sts stx > tz ts tx
+The n-preinitial turns some consonants into prenasalized consonants
+The r-preinitial (some koineization)
+*r-p r-t r-ḱ r-k r-ʔ > f tr sch sch h
+*r-np r-nt r-nḱ r-nk > mpf ntr nk nk
+*r-b r-d r-ǵ r-g > v dr j g
+*r-nb r-nd r-nǵ r-ng > mpf ndr ng ng
+*r-f r-v r-z r-s r-x r-h > f w ntz nts ntx h
+*r-tz r-ts r-tx > z s x
+*r-ntz r-nts r-ntx > ntz nts ntx
+*r-dz r-ds r-dx > j j j
+*r-ndz r-nds r-ndx > ntz nts ntx
+*r-m r-n r-ń r-y r-l r-w > w n j j drl r
+*r-Cl > drl, trl, ndrl, ntrl
-===Consonants===
+-k > glottal stop final
-{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
+==== Tones ====
-|-
+Tone split from voiceless initial/voiced initial?
-!colspan="2"| !!Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
+{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
-|-
+! Tone class
-!colspan="2"|Nasal
+! Voiceless initial (5/8)
-| '''m''' /m/|| '''n''' /n/|| || || || '''ng''' /ŋ/ ||
+! Voiced initial (3/8)
 |-
-!rowspan="2"|Stop/Affricate
+! A (10/27)
-!<small>tenuis</small>
+| ''-b'' (23%)
-| '''b''' /p/ || '''d''' /t/ || '''dz''' /ts/ || '''dx''' /tɬ/ || '''dj''' /tʃ/ || '''g''' /k/||
+| ''-0'' (14%)
 |-
-!<small>aspirated</small>
+! B (5/27)
-| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''ts''' /tsʰ/ || '''tq''' /tɬʰ/ || '''tj''' /tʃʰ/ || '''c''' /kʰ/ ||
+| ''-n'' (12%)
+| ''-s'' (6.9%)
 |-
-!rowspan="2"|Fricative
+! C (5/27)
-!<small>voiceless</small>
+| ''-s'' (12%)
-| '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| '''s''' /s/ || '''q''' /ɬ/|| '''sj''' /ʃ/ || '''ch''' /x/ || '''h''' /h/
+| ''-g'' (6.9%)
 |-
-!<small>voiced</small>
+! D (4/27)
-| '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| '''z''' /z/|| '''x''' /ɮ/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || '''gh''' /ɣ/||
+| ''-ß'' (9.3%)
+| ''-d'' (5.6%)
 |-
-!colspan="2"| Approximant
+! E (3/27)
-|  || || || '''l''' /ɫ/||'''y''' /j/ || '''w''' /w/||
+| ''-hn'' (6.9%)
+| ''-h'' (4.2%)
 |}
-;Notes
+Among non-E syllables the distribution is:
-*In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
+b (23%) > s (19%) > 0 (14%) > n (12%) >  ß (9.3%) > g (6.9%) > d (5.6%)
+===Shum===
+s- triggers tone split
+b p > bh p
+sb sp > b p
+np nb > b mh
+spr pr > ph p
+sbr br > bh bh
-===Vowels===
+nCl, r.Cl > nl or nlh
-{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
-|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
+l > l, D.l > ll
-|-
-!  style="width: 60px; "|
-!  style="width: 60px; " |Front
-!  style="width: 60px; " |Central
-!  style="width: 60px; " |Back
-|-
-! style="" |Close
-| '''i''' /ɪ/
-| '''eu''' /ɨ/
-| '''u''' /ʊ/
-|-
-! style="" |Mid
-| '''ae''' /ɛ/
-| '''eo''' /ə/
-| '''o''' /ɔ/
-|-
-! style="" |Open
-|
-| '''a''' /a/
-|
-|}
-===Lenition===
+f > h
-{| class="wikitable"
+Dp Db Dt Dd Dk Dg > f v th dh ch gh
-|-
-| '''Normal''' || p || t || ts || s || tq || q || tj || sj || c || b || d || dz || z || dx || x || dj || zj || g
-|-
-| '''Lenited''' || f || th || s || h || q || h || sj || h || ch || v || dh || z || 0 || x || 0 || zj || 0 || gh
-|}
-{| class="wikitable"
+f v th dh ch gh > p bh t dh k gh
-|-
-| '''Normal''' || m || n || ng || w || l || r || y
-|-
-| '''Lenited''' || w || n || ng || w || w || r || y
-|}
-===Prosody===
-====Stress====
-In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans, stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.
-====Intonation====
+x > tl
-===Phonotactics===
+z > ś, s > s
-===Morphophonology===
-==Morphology==
+k' > ś, g' > jh
-===Nouns===
-====Case====
-Xaetjeon nouns have only two cases, nominative and vocative. The vocative is formed by leniting the noun.
-====Number====
-Plural nouns are marked with a prefix ''dxa-L''.
-====Definiteness====
-Definite nouns are marked with a suffix ''-nae''.
-===Adjectives===
+*kw > p
-Adjectives following feminine nouns lenite.
+*gw > v > vh in shum
+*w > w > v in shum
-===Verbs===
+==Sample==
-Synthetic verbs are not used, but a construction based on the copula + verbal noun construction.
+'''ʔouh ʔak zamp-zamp'''
-====Copula====
-{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
-|-
-!colspan="3" | Present tense
-|-
-!|
-!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
-!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
-|-
-!|1.ex
-|''lon''
-|''lowae''
-|-
-!|1.in
-|''-''
-|''lod''
-|-
-!|2
-|''lo''
-|''lob''
-|-
-!|3
-|''loz''
-|''lox''
-|}
-[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
+The Sheep and the Horses
-[[Category:Naquic languages]]
+[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Language families]]
-[[Category:Quihum languages]]