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Hlou-Shum languages (view source)

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[[Xaetjeon/Lexicon]]
[[Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon]]


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' /ˈdɮetʃɑn/ ({{PAGENAME}}: ''baeychnae Xaetjeon'' /ˈpejxne ˈɮetʃʰɑn/) is a Talman language spoken by the Dxaetjfa people. It is a [[Naquic languages|Naquic language]] (descendant of [[Naquian]]) inspired by Praimhín's [[Gussnish]].
'''Hlou-Shum''' ([[Hlou]]: ''Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xön''; [[Ko]]: ''lees yoo ndoigh Hloodh-Xoo'') is a placeholder name for a language family that includes [[Hlou]]. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, '''Proto-Hlou-Shum''' (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages.
TODO: actually look at OC more


Main sources of loanwords:
==Family tree==
*[[Tíogall]]
*Proto-Hlou-Shum
*[[Netagin]]
**[[Hlou]] (''Ntzog Schlaub'')
*[[Bênôcian]]
**Shumic
*[[Nurian]]
***[[Shum]] (''lhàu śúṃ'')
*Some from [[Naquian]]
**[[Ko]] (''lees ndoigh Komh'')
**[[Tlu]] (χμῶ Τλὣ)
**[[Liai]] (''hmỳ Liaĩ'')
**[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'')
 
===Timeline===
Proto-Hlou-Shum: 2500 years BP
 
==Writing system==
Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ko and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Phonotactics===
A Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure
(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C) <sup>tone</sup>.


===Consonants===
Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes.
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
 
|-
===Initials===
!colspan="2"| !!Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
*p t tθ ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ
|-
*bh dh dθh dsh dxh ģh gh gwh
!colspan="2"|Nasal
*b d dθ ds dx ǵ g gw
| '''m''' /m/|| '''n''' /n/|| || || || '''ng''' /ŋ/ ||
*f θ s x h
|-
*F Θ S X H = voiced/breathy f θ s x h
!rowspan="2"|Stop
*m n ń ŋ y r l w
!<small>tenuis</small>
*M N Ń Ŋ Y R L W = breathy counterparts
| '''b''' /p/ || '''d''' /t/ || '''dz''' /ts/ || '''dx''' /tɬ/ || '''dj''' /tʃ/ || '''g''' /k/||
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''ts''' /tsʰ/ || '''tq''' /tɬʰ/ || '''tj''' /tʃʰ/ || '''c''' /kʰ/ ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| '''s''' /s/ || '''q''' /ɬ/|| '''sj''' /ʃ/ || '''ch''' /x/ || '''h''' /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| '''z''' /z/|| '''x''' /ɮ/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || '''gh''' /ɣ/||
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
|  || || || '''l''' /l/||'''y''' /j/ || '''w''' /w/||
|}


;Notes
θ-series > ɬ-series in some descendants
*In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
*Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ].


===Vowels===
Ko and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
|-
!  style="width: 60px; "|
!  style="width: 60px; " |Front
!  style="width: 60px; " |Central
!  style="width: 60px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
|
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''ae''' /e/
| '''eu''' /ə/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''a''' /æ/
|
| '''eo''' /ɑ/
|}


;Notes
===Nuclei===
*/ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə
*/ə/ may be pronounced [ɤ] by some speakers.


===Mutations===
===Coda===
Allowed finals:
*-p -t -k
*-mp -nt -nk
*-m -n -l -w -y
*-ʔ -s
*nasal + s or ʔ
*plosive + s


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
===Tones===
|-
PHS was non-tonal.  The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS:
! Normal
*A: -0, -N, -l
|| p || f || t || th || ts || s || tq || q || tj || sj || c || b || v || d || dh || dz || z || dx || x || dj || zj || g
*B: -ʔ
|-
*C: -s
! Lenited
*D: -t
|| f || f || th || th || s || h || q || q || sj || sj || ch || v || v || dh || dh || z || 0 || x || x || zj || zj || gh
*E: -p, -k
|}


The incidence of tones A, B, C in Hlou-Shum words follows the ratio 2:1:1.


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
==Grammar==
|-
Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese.
! Normal
===Reduplication===
|| m || n || ng || w || l || y
Total reduplication was used for noun plurals, verbal imperatives, and adverbs from adjectives.
|-
! Lenited
|| v || n || ng || w || w || y
|}


===Prosody===
Some descendants turned this into partial reduplication.
====Stress====
In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans, stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.


====Intonation====
===Derivation===
Sometimes two prefixes could be used.
*''s-'': nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer
**''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' > ''slouʔ'' 'springlike, where there is spring'
*''-ʔ'': nominalization
**''lou'' 'to plant' > ''louʔ'' 'spring (season)'
*m- preinitial
*r- preinitial
**lenition/retroflexion in Hlou
*θ- preinitial
**changes some consonants in Shum
**maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial


===Phonotactics===
==Reflexes==
===Morphophonology===
=== Hlou ===
==== Initials ====
Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed)
*ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x
*pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl
*npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl
*bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl
*nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl
*fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl
*tzl tsl > tz ts
*ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx
*dz ds dxl > dz ds dx
*ndzl ndsl ndxl > nl nl nl
*ml nl > ml nl
*pr, br > pf, v
*kr, gr > sch
*tr, dr > tr, dr
*sp, st, str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schr, schl, x, sch
*sm, sn, sṇ, sń > schm, schn, schr, x
*stz sts stx > tz ts tx


==Morphology==
The n-preinitial turns some consonants into prenasalized consonants
===Nouns===
''-meo/-eom, -nae, -neu'' < ''ixmi, hinē, hinuoz''
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''''pa'' - person'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Indefinite
!colspan="2"|Definite
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! Nominative
|| ''pa'' || ''pameo'' || ''panae'' || ''paneu''
|-
! Vocative
|| ''fa'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''faneu''
|}


====Possessive pronouns====
The r-preinitial (some koineization)
The possessive pronouns are: (derived from [[Naquian]] possessive prefixes)
*r-p r-t r-ḱ r-k r-ʔ > f tr sch sch h
*r-np r-nt r-nḱ r-nk > mpf ntr nk nk
*r-b r-d r-ǵ r-g > v dr j g
*r-nb r-nd r-nǵ r-ng > mpf ndr ng ng
*r-f r-v r-z r-s r-x r-h > f w ntz nts ntx h
*r-tz r-ts r-tx > z s x
*r-ntz r-nts r-ntx > ntz nts ntx
*r-dz r-ds r-dx > j j j
*r-ndz r-nds r-ndx > ntz nts ntx
*r-m r-n r-ń r-y r-l r-w > w n j j drl r
*r-Cl > drl, trl, ndrl, ntrl


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
-k > glottal stop final
==== Tones ====
Tone split from voiceless initial/voiced initial?
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Tone class
! Voiceless initial (5/8)
! Voiced initial (3/8)
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | Possessive pronouns
! A (10/27)
| ''-b'' (23%)
| ''-0'' (14%)
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
! B (5/27)
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
| ''-n'' (12%)
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
| ''-s'' (6.9%)
|-
|-
!|1
! C (5/27)
|''neu '''v'''if''<br/>''neu ow''
| ''-s'' (12%)
|''meu '''v'''if''<br/>''meu ow''
| ''-g'' (6.9%)
|-
|-
!|1 + 2
! D (4/27)
|''-''
| ''-ß'' (9.3%)
|''peu '''v'''if''<br/>''peu ow''
| ''-d'' (5.6%)
|-
|-
!|2
! E (3/27)
|''sjeu '''v'''if''<br/>''sjeu ow''
| ''-hn'' (6.9%)
|''tseu '''v'''if''<br/>''tseu ow''
| ''-h'' (4.2%)
|-
!|3
|''i '''v'''if''<br/>''i ow''
|''i '''m'''if''<br/>''i '''n'''ow''
|-
!|Interr/Indef
|colspan=2|''tae '''v'''if''<br/>''tae ow''
|}
|}


Possession is indicated with third-person possessive pronouns: Ex. ''i vif fanae'' = 'the man's house' (The ''panae'' lenites since it follows a feminine noun ''mif''.)
Among non-E syllables the distribution is:


===Adjectives===
b (23%) > s (19%) > 0 (14%) > n (12%) >  ß (9.3%) > g (6.9%) > d (5.6%)
Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.


:'''''pa seowan'''''
===Shum===
:''a small person''
s- triggers tone split


:'''''mif heowan'''''
b p > bh p
:''a small house''


However, the suffixes ''-nae'' and ''-meo'' (''-eom'' is used for nouns ending in labials) always lenite the following noun:
sb sp > b p


:'''''panae heowan'''''
np nb > b mh
:''the small person''


:'''''mifeom heowan'''''
spr pr > ph p
:''the small houses''


Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.
sbr br > bh bh


===Pronouns===
nCl, r.Cl > nl or nlh
===Prepositions and conjunctions===
*''tjeo-L'' = and
*''teo-L'' = at
*''yae-L'' = to


===Verbs===
l > l, D.l > ll
The word order is usually tense-subject-verbnoun-object or, when the object is a pronoun, tense-subject-object-verbnoun. However, tense-verbnoun-subject is acceptable as well. A nominal direct object is lenited; in fact, any indefinite dependent noun is lenited when used after a sequence of verbnoun + adjunct (similarly to the Welsh 'syntactic mutation' and the Modern Standard Arabic 'faulty accusative').


Most verbnouns end in ''-asj'', but there are exceptions among common verbs.
f > h


Dp Db Dt Dd Dk Dg > f v th dh ch gh


*''Lon teo siv'' = 'I'm running' (''siv'' is a lenited form of ''tsiv''.)
f v th dh ch gh > p bh t dh k gh
*''Lon teo i chaevasj'' = 'I'm protecting it' (lit. "I'm at its protecting")
*''Lon teo i chaevasj vifnae'' = 'I'm protecting the house'
*''Lon teo chaevasj vifnae'' = 'I'm protecting the house' (colloquial)


Examples of syntactic mutation:
x > tl


*''Lo teo siv yae vin '''f'''a.'' = 'Tonight, a man is running.'
z > ś, s > s
 
====Copula====
 
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | Present tense
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''lon''
|''lovae''
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|''lont''
|-
!|2
|''losj''
|''lopeo''
|-
!|3
|''lo''
|''loq''
|}


===Numbers===
k' > ś, g' > jh
Numbers 1-12: paev, tiho, natj-L, tsov, tsaweo, bael-L, oth, loseoth, bas-L, gaeyo, dav, dadheo-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)


===Derivational morphology===
*kw > p
*''-asj'' (f): nominalizer
*gw > v > vh in shum
*''-iy'' (f): abstract noun
*w > w > v in shum


==Phrasebook==
==Sample==
*''Lon Dxaetjfa.'' = I am a Dxaetjeon person.
'''ʔouh ʔak zamp-zamp'''


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
The Sheep and the Horses
[[Category:Naquic languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Language families]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
IlL
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