Indo-Semitic: Difference between revisions
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Indo-Semitic preserves the PSem dual and cases, unlike other Semitic languages. | Indo-Semitic (placeholder name) preserves the PSem dual and cases, unlike other Semitic languages. Notably, it shifted the head-initial grammar of Proto-Semitic to a more agglutinative and head-final grammar. | ||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
Nouns have two genders, three numbers ( | Nouns have two genders, three numbers (the dual was retained from Proto-Semitic), and 8 to 10 cases depending on the dialect. The nominative, accusative and genitive were inherited from Proto-Semitic, and additional cases were formed by suffixing inflected pronouns (for example, ''beetilu'' 'the house (dative)' from ''*bayti-lahu'' 'the house (gen), for it'). | ||
The construct state was lost. | The construct state was lost. | ||
The cases are: | |||
*nominative | *nominative | ||
*accusative | *accusative | ||
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*locative | *locative | ||
*ablative | *ablative | ||
* | *superessive | ||
*comitative (not in all dialects) | |||
*terminative (not in all dialects) | |||
Masculine nouns: ''beet'' 'house' | Masculine nouns: ''beet'' 'house' | ||
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*gen beeti, beetami, beetiimi | *gen beeti, beetami, beetiimi | ||
*dat beetilu, beetallan, beetillen | *dat beetilu, beetallan, beetillen | ||
*lat/ins beetinu, beetannan, | *lat/ins beetinu, beetannan, beetinnen | ||
*loc beetibu, beetabban, | *loc beetibu, beetabban, beetibben | ||
*abl | *abl beetiltu, beetaltan, beetilten | ||
*sup beetileu, beetallehan, | *sup beetileu, beetallehan, beetillehen | ||
*com beetemu, beetaman, beetimen | |||
*term beetadu, beetaddan, beetidden | |||
Feminine nouns: ''šarrat'' 'queen' | Feminine nouns: ''šarrat'' 'queen' | ||
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*acc šarrata, šarratama, šarraata | *acc šarrata, šarratama, šarraata | ||
*gen šarrati, šarratami, šarraati | *gen šarrati, šarratami, šarraati | ||
*dat šarratila, šarratallan, | *dat šarratila, šarratallan, šarraatillen | ||
*lat/ins šarratina, šarratannan, | *lat/ins šarratina, šarratannan, šarraatinnen | ||
*loc šarratiba, šarratabban, | *loc šarratiba, šarratabban, šarraatibben | ||
*abl | *abl šarratilta, šarrataltan, šarraatilten | ||
*sup šarratilia, šarratallehan, | *sup šarratilia, šarratallehan, šarraatillehen | ||
*com šarratima, šarrataman, šarratimen | |||
*term šarratadu, šarrataddan, šarraatidden | |||
''-naft'' = emphatic | ''-naft'' = emphatic | ||
Latest revision as of 18:10, 3 August 2019
Indo-Semitic (placeholder name) preserves the PSem dual and cases, unlike other Semitic languages. Notably, it shifted the head-initial grammar of Proto-Semitic to a more agglutinative and head-final grammar.
Nouns
Nouns have two genders, three numbers (the dual was retained from Proto-Semitic), and 8 to 10 cases depending on the dialect. The nominative, accusative and genitive were inherited from Proto-Semitic, and additional cases were formed by suffixing inflected pronouns (for example, beetilu 'the house (dative)' from *bayti-lahu 'the house (gen), for it').
The construct state was lost.
The cases are:
- nominative
- accusative
- genitive
- dative
- lative~instrumental
- locative
- ablative
- superessive
- comitative (not in all dialects)
- terminative (not in all dialects)
Masculine nouns: beet 'house'
- nom beet, beetaam, beetuum
- acc beeta, beetama, beetima
- gen beeti, beetami, beetiimi
- dat beetilu, beetallan, beetillen
- lat/ins beetinu, beetannan, beetinnen
- loc beetibu, beetabban, beetibben
- abl beetiltu, beetaltan, beetilten
- sup beetileu, beetallehan, beetillehen
- com beetemu, beetaman, beetimen
- term beetadu, beetaddan, beetidden
Feminine nouns: šarrat 'queen'
- nom šarrat, šarrataam, šarraat
- acc šarrata, šarratama, šarraata
- gen šarrati, šarratami, šarraati
- dat šarratila, šarratallan, šarraatillen
- lat/ins šarratina, šarratannan, šarraatinnen
- loc šarratiba, šarratabban, šarraatibben
- abl šarratilta, šarrataltan, šarraatilten
- sup šarratilia, šarratallehan, šarraatillehen
- com šarratima, šarrataman, šarratimen
- term šarratadu, šarrataddan, šarraatidden
-naft = emphatic