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→Compound Verbs
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* '''Noun + Verb''' in which the noun denotes the direct object of the verb, e.g. ''burushigos'' "to throw a spear", ''bazenua'' "to laugh" (lit. "to say laughter" < ''baze'' "laughter"). | * '''Noun + Verb''' in which the noun denotes the direct object of the verb, e.g. ''burushigos'' "to throw a spear", ''bazenua'' "to laugh" (lit. "to say laughter" < ''baze'' "laughter"). | ||
** In many cases the first element is effectively a verbal noun, which is usually followed by ''-ging'' "do", e.g. ''loging'' "to sleep" (''lo'' "sleep, sleeping"), ''ezeging'' "to burn" (''eze'' "burning"). | |||
** Any action denoting the making of sound is created with ''-nua'' "speak", e.g. ''xennua'' "to name, to call" (''xeng'' "name"), ''ozonua'' "to roar, bellow" (''ozo'' "roaring"). | |||
** ''-lung'' "have" is used to denote possession of characteristics or emotions, e.g. ''neilung'' "to desire" (''nei'' "desire, want"). | |||
** Where the noun is the true direct object, the resulting verb becomes intransitive (note the difference between ''burushi ke egos '''zu''''' "throwing a spear" (trans.) and ''burushigos '''da''''' (intrans.)). However, in many cases the incorporated noun is a generic object extending the sense of the verb. Where a more specific direct object is required, the verb remains transitive. Consider the following sentences | ** Where the noun is the true direct object, the resulting verb becomes intransitive (note the difference between ''burushi ke egos '''zu''''' "throwing a spear" (trans.) and ''burushigos '''da''''' (intrans.)). However, in many cases the incorporated noun is a generic object extending the sense of the verb. Where a more specific direct object is required, the verb remains transitive. Consider the following sentences | ||
:::: ''Ama ba arato ke omba ni ebang zu'' <br/> mother-TOP food-ACC child-DAT give PRT.pres.trans <br/> "A mother gives food to a child" (no incorporation) | :::: ''Ama ba arato ke omba ni ebang zu'' <br/> mother-TOP food-ACC child-DAT give PRT.pres.trans <br/> "A mother gives food to a child" (no incorporation) | ||
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:::: ''Ama ba ombe '''ke''' aratoban'''ki''' zu'' <br/> mother-TOP child-ACC food-give PRT.pres.trans <br/> "A mother feeds a child" | :::: ''Ama ba ombe '''ke''' aratoban'''ki''' zu'' <br/> mother-TOP child-ACC food-give PRT.pres.trans <br/> "A mother feeds a child" | ||
* '''Adjective + Verb''' to denote various senses of being or becoming the quality of the adjective. | * '''Adjective + Verb''' to denote various senses of being or becoming the quality of the adjective, depending on the verb used: | ||
** ''-toz'' "come" means "become, turn", e.g. ''furitoz'' "turn white" (''furi'' "white"), ''eregitoz'' "lighten" (''eregi'' "light"). | |||
** ''-ging'' "make" is a transitive verb meaning "to turn ...", e.g. ''beleeking'' "make dark" (''beles'' "black"). | |||
** ''-shi'' "consider, view" forms verbs referring to the subject's opinion of something, e.g. ''onshi'' "like, approve of" (''ong'' "good), ''xinshi'' "believe" (''xing'' "true"). | |||
* '''Verb + Verb''' in which the first verb modifies the sense of the second. | * '''Verb + Verb''' in which the first verb modifies the sense of the second. | ||
* '''Adverb + Verb''' in which the adverbs denotes the method, direction or means of doing the action. | * '''Adverb + Verb''' in which the adverbs denotes the method, direction or means of doing the action. | ||