Linguifex

Is Burunking/history: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Is Burunking/history (view source)

Revision as of 10:33, 8 July 2021

3,937 bytes added ,  8 July 2021
→‎Proto-Burunking
No edit summary
 
(9 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
===Syllables===
===Proto-Burunking===
 
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="90%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2;" | !! rowspan="2;" | Ø !! colspan="8;" | Fortis !!  colspan="8;" | Lenis
! width="200px;" | Nasal
| width="100px;" | '''m''' [m] || width="100px;" | '''n''' [n] || width="100px;" | || width="100px;" |
|-
|-
! p !! t !! k !! tz !! ts !! N !! L !! R !! b !! d !! g !! z !! s !! n !! l !! r
! Aspirated Stop
| '''p''' [pʰ] || '''t''' [tʰ] || '''k''' [kʰ] ||
|-
|-
! a
! Unaspirated Stop
| a || fa || ta || ka || sa || sha || nga || ya || za || ba || da || ga || ha || xa || na || la || ra
| '''b''' [b] || '''d''' [d] || '''g''' [g] ||
|-
|-
! e
! Fricative
| e || fe || te || ke || se || she || nge || ye || ze || be || de || ge || he || xe || ne || le || re
| || '''s''' [s] || || '''h''' [h]
|-
|-
! o
! Liquid
| o || fo || to || ko || so || sho || ngo || yo || zo || bo || do || go || ho || xo || no || lo || ro
| || '''l''' [l] <br> '''r''' [r] || ||
|}
 
====Vowels====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! i
! width="200px;" | High
| i || fi || chi || ki || colspan="2;" | shi || ngi || yi || zi || bi || ji || gi || colspan="2;" | xi || ni || li || ri
| width="100px;" | '''i''' [i] || width="100px;" | '''u''' [u]
|-
|-
! ai
! width="200px;" | Mid
| colspan="2;" | ya || cha || kya || colspan="2;" | sha || nga || ya || za || bya || ja || gya || colspan="2;" | xa || nga || ya || za
| '''e''' [e] || '''o''' [o]
|-
|-
! ei
! width="200px;" | Low
| colspan="2;" | ye || che || kye || colspan="2;" | she || nge || ye || ze || bye || je || gye || colspan="2;" | xe || nge || ye || ze
| '''a''' [a] ||
|}
 
====Phonotactics====
In the earliest period the minimal syllable structure was a single vowel. The maximal structure was:
 
:: sC<sub>1</sub>VC<sub>2</sub>s
 
* Syllables could begin with any single consonant or ''sp, sk, st''.
* V could be any vowel.
* Syllables could end with single ''l, r, n, s'' or complex ''ls, rs, ns''.
 
====Roots and Derivation====
Proto-Burunking words consisted of a root, which usually took the form of a CVC, CVCV or CVCVC. Roots had no particular part of speech (though they were more commonly nominal or adjectival in their base form), and the inflexional morphology determined the semantics of a root. Vowel-final roots may take an extension, mainly ''-n, -, -r'' or ''-s'' which does not alter the meaning fundamentally. 
 
Some common prefixes include:
* ''*ha-'' to create nominals
* ''*he-'' to create a non-finite verb
* ''*hi-'' a collective
 
Some common suffixes include:
* ''-i'' past participle
* ''*-hi'' attributive
* ''*-s'' creates nominals
 
===Chronology of Changes===
* '''Initial Cluster simplification:''' initial ''sp, sk, st'' became ''s'' [s] while earlier ''s'' > ''sh'.
** New ''s'' also develops after final ''l, n, r''.
* '''''P'' becomes ''f'''''
* '''H-loss:''' occurred in the following stages:
** initially, leading to word-initial vowels (e.g. ''ha-'' > ''a-'')
** after ''l, n, r'' which became ''L, N, R''
** medially, giving rise to new long vowels and diphthongs:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"  
|-
|-
! eu
! width="50px;" | !! width="100px;" | ha !! width="100px;" | he !! width="100px;" | hi !! width="100px;" | hu !! width="100px;" | hu
| colspan="2;" | yo || cho || kyo || colspan="2;" | sho || ngo || yo || zo || byo || jo || gyo || colspan="2;" | xo || ngo || yo || zo
|-
|-
! u
! a
| u || fu || su || pu || su || shu || mu || yu || zu || bu || zu || bu || fu || xu || nu || lu || ru
| aa > a || ae > ee > e || ai || ao > oo > o || au
|-
|-
! au
! e
| ua || fa || sua || pa || sua || shua || ma || yua || zua || bua || zua || ba || colspan="2;" | fa || nua || lua || rua
| ea > aa > a || ee > e || ei || eo > oo > o || eu
|-
|-
! oi
! i
| ue || fe || sue || pe || sue || shue || me || yue || zue || bue || zue || be || colspan="2;" | fe || nue || lue || rue
| ya || ye || ii > i || yo || yu
|-
|-
! +C
! o
| colspan="12;" | || VVC<sup><small>VL</small></sup> || ViC<sup><small>VL</small></sup> || n, m || u || rV
| oa > aa > a || oe > ee > e || oi || oo > o || ou
|-
|-
! Fin.
! u
| colspan="4;" | || s || sh || ng || i || z || colspan="8;" |
| ua || ue || ui || uo || uu > u
|}
|}
* '''Fortition of final consonants:''' ''l > L, n > N, r > R,'' (merging with existing ''L, N, R < lh, nh, rh''), and ''s > ts, s > tsh''
** Strong consonants are retained in derived words between vowels but return to their weak counterparts before consonants
* '''Changes to diphthongs:''' following the reduction of earlier long vowels, diphthongs become long vowels and then diphthongs:
** ''ai > ɛː > ya''
** ''au > ɔː > ua''
** ''ei > eː > ye''
** ''eu, ou > oː > ue''
** ''oi > øː > yo''
* '''Elimination of final clusters:'''
** ''l'' is vocalised to ''u'' before all consonants leading to new diphthongs ''au, eu, yu, ou'' and long ''uu'', so ''Vlts > Vuts''
** ''nts'' becomes ''ts''
** ''rts'' becomes ''rVts''
*** elsewhere within a root, ''rC'' > ''rVC'' (e.g. ''erdi > eredi'').
* '''Vowel Raising:''' ''i'' and ''u'' raise ''a, e, o'' to ''e/o, i, u'' in a preceding vowel. This process is regressive so a new ''i'' or ''u'' raises the preceding vowel again, e.g. '' eredi > eridi > iridi''.
* '''Lenition of medial ''s, sh'' to ''h, x'' and ''ts, tsh'' to ''s, sh'''''.
** This creates new diphthongs and long vowels as ''VhC, VxC'' become ''VVC, ViC''.
* '''N, L, R''' become ''ɲ, ʎ, ʐ'' then ''ng, i, z''.
* '''Palatalization''' of ''t, d, s'' to ''ch, j, sh'' before ''i, y'' and ''n, l, r'' become ''ɲ, ʎ, ʐ'' then ''ng, i, z''.
* '''Labialization''' of ''k, g, t, d, ng''  to ''p, b, s, z, m'' before ''u''.
* '''Vowel Lowering:''' an ''a'' causes a preceding ''i, u'' to become ''e, o'', except where it is blocked by an intervening semivowel.
* '''''r''C > CC'''


===Vowel Affection===
Vowel affection:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="60%;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2;" | First !! colspan="3;" | Second !! !! colspan="5;" | +h
! width="50px;" | !! width="100px;" | _a !! width="100px;" | _i !! width="100px;" | _u
|-
! a !! i !! u !! !! ha !! he !! hi !! ho !! hu
|-
|-
! a
! a
| || e || o || || aa || ai || ei || au || ou
| || e || o
|-
|-
! e  
! e  
| || i || || || colspan="2;" | ee || rowspan="2;" | ii || eu || rowspan="2;" | yu
| || i ||  
|-
|-
! i
! i
| e || || || || ee || ye || yo
| e || ||  
|-
|-
! o
! o
| || u || || || rowspan="2;" | oo || colspan="2;" | oi || oo || rowspan="2;" | uu
| || u || u
|-
! u
| o || ||
|-
|-
! u
| o || || || || we || oi || wo
|}
|}


===Chronology===
===Syllables===
# p > f, tz > s, ts > sh
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="90%;"
# Vowel affection
|-
# diphthong change
! !! !! p !! b !! t !! d !! k !! g !! x !! h !! sh !! s || n !! N !! l !! L !! r !! R
# palatalisation
|-
# velarisation
! a
| a || fa || ba || ta || da || ka || ga || xa || ha || sha || sa || na || nga || la || ya || ra || za
|-
! e
| e || fe || be || te || de || ke || ge || xe || he || she || se || ne || nge || le || ye || re || ze
|-
! o
| o || fo || bo || to || do || ko || go || xo || ho || sho || so || no || ngo || lo || yo || ro || zo
|-
! i
| i || fi || bi || chi || ji || ki || gi || colspan="2;" | xi || colspan="2;" | shi ||  ni || ngi || li || yi || ri || zi
|-
! ya
| colspan="2;" | ya || bya || cha || ja || kya || gya || colspan="2;" | xa || colspan="2;" | sha || colspan="2;" | nga || colspan="2;" | ya || colspan="2;" | za
|-
! ye
| colspan="2;" | ye || bye || che || je || kye || gye || colspan="2;" | xe || colspan="2;" | she || colspan="2;" | nge || colspan="2;" | ye || colspan="2;" | ze
|-
! yo
| colspan="2;" | yo || byo || cho || jo || kyo || gyo || colspan="2;" | xo || colspan="2;" | sho || colspan="2;" | ngo || colspan="2;" | yo || colspan="2;" | zo
|-
! u
| u || fu || bu || su || zu || pu || bu || xu || fu || shu || su || nu || mu || lu || yu || ru || zu
|-
! ua
| ua || fua || bua || sua || zua || pua || bua || xua || fa || shua || sua || nua || mua || lua || yua || rua || zua
|-
! ue
| ue || fue || bue || sue || zue || pue || bue || xue || fe || shue || sue || nue || mue || lue || yue || rue || zue
|-
! uo
| uo || fuo || buo || suo || zuo || puo || buo || xuo || fo || shuo || suo || nuo || muo || luo || yuo || ruo || zuo
|-
! +C
| colspan="9;" | || iC<sup><small>VL</small></sup> || :C<sup><small>VL</small></sup> || nC, mC || || uC || || CC ||
|-
! Final
| colspan="9;" | || sh || s ||  || ng ||  || i || || z
|}
Psammead
803

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/119885...230607"