2,334
edits
Khad languages: Difference between revisions
no edit summary
(Created page with "The '''Khad''' or '''Western''' languages, are a proposed subdivision of the Lámeyi languages which comprises several branches traditionally grouped into Central and Peripher...") |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
**Hill ''(Bsas)'' | **Hill ''(Bsas)'' | ||
**High ''(Ím)'' | **High ''(Ím)'' | ||
*Mountain ''(Kryalpomg)'' | *Mountain (Tsed) | ||
**''(Kryalpomg)'' | |||
**''(Khulong)'' | |||
*River ''(Tsampa)'' | *River ''(Tsampa)'' | ||
*''Nuli-Salbal'' | *''Nuli-Salbal'' | ||
| Line 16: | Line 18: | ||
**''Nuli'' | **''Nuli'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
The more divergent languages are spoken in the north and east, likely due to language contact with the Thad languages. The divergence exhibited in the Khulong branch may also be due to a gradual language shift from an extinct Eastern language. | |||
The two major Tibetic languages used for broadcasting within China are Standard Tibetan and Amdo Tibetan. | |||
==Features== | |||
Innovations specific to the Khad languages include: | |||
*Loss of Proto-Lámeyi original pitch accent. | |||
* Fronting and [[w:Assibliation|assibilation]] of the Proto-Lámeyi velars: *kʲ, *ḳʲ, *gʲ, *ŋʲ, *xʲ > *t͡ʃʰ, *t͡ʃ, *d͡ʒ, *n, *ʃ. | |||
* [[w:Lenition#Spirantization|Spirantization]] *p, *t, *k > *f, *tʰ, *kʰ, while *ṗ, *ṭ, *ḳ > *p, *t, *k. The opposite is true for the Thad branch. Uvular plosives remained unaffected. | |||
* Fortition of the "strong" nasal series to voiced plosives: *mb, *nd, *ŋg *ɴɢ > *b, *d, *g *ɢ. | |||
*[[w:Vowel reduction|Reduction]] of unstressed pretonic vowels to *ə. | |||
*Collapse of Proto-Lámeyi "secondary" vowels to *ə. | |||
*Monophthongisation of original Proto-Lámeyi diphthongs. | |||
*Turning of the final sibilant fricative *s into non-sibilant fricative glottal *h (this may be a later change that spread among already distinct Khad branches). | |||
From that point, the Common Khad phonology is rather accurately rendered by its native script. Some prefix letters became assimilated to the root sounds. The pretonic vowels had already collapsed to a single sound by that time, even though they were still represented with different symbols. Because of this fact, texts from that period show frequent confusion and hypercorrection. For instance, the word for “road” is written as ''lados'' and ''lodos'' in the same text. Later texts show ''ledoh'' and ''ldoh'', also indicating the lenition of the final /s/ sound. | |||
In Central Khad, new consonant clusters, that had appeared after vowel reduction and elision, were usually simplified. For instance, the name of the Suropong Valley would be pronounced [sʷə.ɺə.ˈpoŋ] in Early Central Khad, but it became ''srpong'' [ʂɔ́ŋ] in Shanyi. The process of cluster simplification, devoicing and tonogenesis had begun in the central dialects with some later peripheral branches preserving most words intact, while other languages not allowing any clusters at all. In the Gyu (spelt ''Dguts''), all consonant clusters disappeared completely, turning into such features as vowel mutation and tone (the name of the language itself is [gʲý]. | |||
[[Category:Aiwanic languages]] | [[Category:Aiwanic languages]] | ||