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Khad languages: Difference between revisions
→Later development
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! Absolutive | ! Absolutive | ||
| ''dnags'' [nɑ˥] || ''dnagtye'' [nɑ˥.t͡ɕe꜋] || rowspan=7| || ''mkra'' [t͡ʂa˨ː] || ''kraye'' [t͡ʂa˨ː. | | ''dnags'' [nɑ˥] || ''dnagtye'' [nɑ˥.t͡ɕe꜋] || rowspan=7| || ''mkra'' [t͡ʂa˨ː] || ''kraye'' [t͡ʂa˨ː.ji꜌] | ||
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! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
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Shanyi reintroduced pronominal clitics with a similar function to the auxilary verb in Proto-Lámeyi: | Shanyi reintroduced pronominal clitics with a similar function to the auxilary verb in Proto-Lámeyi: | ||
: | : [t͡ʂi˨ qɑŋ˨ qʌ˧˩.de˨.pʰa꜋ fø˧] | ||
:''kyis qek=g-depa fod'' | :''kyis qan qek=g-depa fod'' | ||
:(2sg.Obj | :(2sg.Obj 1sgSbj 1sgSbj.2sgObj=FUT-see soon) | ||
:“I will see you soon” | :“I will see you soon” | ||
All Kyem-Khad languages are written with the '''Milpram script''', with a historically conservative orthography that reflects Classical Khad phonology, which helps unify the Central Khad language area, but also makes learning the orthography very difficult. For this reason, a different script, called '''Milngum''' (“one, that is spoken”) is used among speakers of more northern languages, such as '''Shanyi'''. The script was based on the Eastern writing with additional diacritics for tone. Milngum is not a common script and is mostly used by foreigners and merchants. Unlike Milpram it is not standardised, for example certain names may also retain irregular transcriptions, such as ''“Síkpons”'' for the Shipon valley (''Msigpoms'' in the Milpram spelling). | All Kyem-Khad languages are written with the '''Milpram script''', with a historically conservative orthography that reflects Classical Khad phonology, which helps unify the Central Khad language area, but also makes learning the orthography very difficult. For this reason, a different script, called '''Milngum''' (“one, that is spoken”) is used among speakers of more northern languages, such as '''Shanyi'''. The script was based on the Eastern writing with additional diacritics for tone. Milngum is not a common script and is mostly used by foreigners and merchants. Unlike Milpram it is not standardised, for example certain names may also retain irregular transcriptions, such as ''“Síkpons”'' for the Shipon valley (''Msigpoms'' in the Milpram spelling). | ||
===Khulong=== | |||
The '''Khulong''' languages are a branch of the Mountain Khad language group, being distantly related to the '''Kryalpomg''' branch. They are spoken in the easternmost regions of the Blue Mountains, not far from where the Las language is spoken. The total number of speakers is around 30,000. The Khulong languages are primarily agglutinative and have a rich system of grammatical cases. Unlike their closest neighbours, they do not exhibit vowel harmony. The earliest Khulong language to be preserved in writing was Old Khulong (or Old Kalung depending on the dialect), in the 11th century AC. Both Old Khulong and its descendants use a modified '''Milngum''' script. Traditionally the Khulong dialects are grouped into three languages: Hučang, Źilyan and Polom, the latter two being more closely related to each other than to the former. | |||
[[Category:Aiwanic languages]] | [[Category:Aiwanic languages]] | ||