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Kirtumur verbs: Difference between revisions
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==Non-finite verb forms== | ==Non-finite verb forms== | ||
==Compound verbs== | ==Compound verbs== | ||
There is a limited number of ways to make new verbs in Kirtumur. The most productive way is to combine existing words to make a compound with a different meaning. This process is called [[w:Compound (linguistics)|composition]], for example: ''hatallu'' "to come and go/to go back and forth" (lit. "come-walk"). Some of such compounds cannot be separated by any words or affixes, usually when two words belong to the same class, such as in the previous example, while other compounds act as separate words phonologically. Such compounds are called phrasal verbs: ''namšarkat kapa'' "to rob" (lit."to robbery commit"), ''hulēlim kapa'' "to argue" (lit. "to arguing commit"), ''pēr šama'' "to decorate" (lit. "to hand touch"). Derivational affixes are exceedingly rare, they are no longer productive and became fossilised, apart from the causative and reduplicated forms, for instance: ''taun'' "lightning" – ''taunašna'' "to hit by lightning"; ''tara'' "to split" – ''ektara'' "to ascend". | There is a limited number of ways to make new verbs in Kirtumur. The most productive way is to combine existing words to make a compound with a different meaning. This process is called [[w:Compound (linguistics)|composition]], for example: ''hatallu'' "to come and go/to go back and forth" (lit. "come-walk"). Some of such compounds cannot be separated by any words or affixes, usually when two words belong to the same class, such as in the previous example, while other compounds act as separate words phonologically. Such compounds are called phrasal verbs: ''namšarkat kapa'' "to rob" (lit."to robbery commit"), ''hulēlim kapa'' "to argue" (lit. "to arguing commit"), ''pēr šama'' "to decorate" (lit. "to hand touch"). A special case is the word ''kha'' "to make/ to do", which is used in a large amount of compounds, for example: ''hēlnim-khaē'' "she/he is casting a spell". In fact it is used so often, that it became a clitic in most componds: ''eixula'''kta''' "he/she has made an appearance". | ||
Derivational affixes are exceedingly rare, they are no longer productive and became fossilised, apart from the causative and reduplicated forms, for instance: ''taun'' "lightning" – ''taunašna'' "to hit by lightning"; ''tara'' "to split" – ''ektara'' "to ascend". | |||
==Reduplication== | ==Reduplication== | ||
Some verbs in their imperfective and perfect forms have special stems, which differ in form from the primary stem. Which verb has such a stem is not entirely unpredictable. These verbs typically have a [[w:Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive]] meaning or are used with collective or plural nouns. A few of the verbs with special stems have paradigms with suppletive | Some verbs in their imperfective and perfect forms have special stems, which differ in form from the primary stem. Which verb has such a stem is not entirely unpredictable. These verbs typically have a [[w:Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive]] meaning or are used with collective or plural nouns. A few of the verbs with special stems have paradigms with suppletive | ||