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Kootayi: Difference between revisions
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Kootayi has eleven distinct consonants, of which all but /ʔ/, /h/, /j/ and /w/ form pairs distinguished by length, which makes it eighteen consonant phonemes in total. There is a sight disagreement on how to count geminate consonants (as two consonants belonging to different syllables, or one, but lengthened). For simplicity geminate consonants will not be treated as different from the plain ones. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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In order to make relative clauses, one should use conjunct verbs. These verbs can also be nominalized with an addition of nominal suffixes and thus behave like nouns. Here is an example of a sentence with a relative clause and a nominalized verb: | In order to make relative clauses, one should use conjunct verbs. These verbs can also be nominalized with an addition of nominal suffixes and thus behave like nouns. Here is an example of a sentence with a relative clause and a nominalized verb: | ||
:{| | :{| | ||
| | |iʼta | ||
|ááttaʼaa | |ááttaʼaa | ||
|ácoi | |ácoi | ||
|skiyínni. | |skiyínni. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |iʼt-a | ||
|á-∅-at-haʼ-aa | |á-∅-at-haʼ-aa | ||
|á-a-coo-∅-i | |á-a-coo-∅-i | ||
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Direction of the agent-patient relationship is often obvious from person markers on verbs. The inverse system in Kootayi is observable only in interactions between third persons. The following example shows the difference between direct and inverse: | Direction of the agent-patient relationship is often obvious from person markers on verbs. The inverse system in Kootayi is observable only in interactions between third persons. The following example shows the difference between direct and inverse: | ||
:{| | :{| | ||
| | |iʼta | ||
|yistoʼni | |yistoʼni | ||
|nonaa. | |nonaa. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |iʼt-a | ||
|yist-o-ʼni | |yist-o-ʼni | ||
|∅-non-aa | |∅-non-aa | ||
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|} | |} | ||
:{| | :{| | ||
| | |iʼtani | ||
|yisto | |yisto | ||
|nonok. | |nonok. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |iʼt-a-(ʼ)ni | ||
|yist-o | |yist-o | ||
|∅-non-ok | |∅-non-ok | ||
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|yisto | |yisto | ||
|sinon | |sinon | ||
|( | |(iʼta). | ||
|- | |- | ||
|yist-o | |yist-o | ||
|si-∅-non | |si-∅-non | ||
|( | |(iʼt-a) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|woman-AN.SG | |woman-AN.SG | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The third example shows that the inverse construction is different from passive, which is a valency changing operation and promotes the object to the subject of the sentence, while inverse does not change roles of nouns in the example. | The third example shows that the inverse construction is different from passive, which is a valency changing operation and promotes the object to the subject of the sentence, while inverse does not change roles of nouns in the example. | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
The following table shows words in Kootayi and its eastern dialects with corresponding words in the Möhkinis dialect for comparison. Many words were borrowed from Kalyah into Kootayi while some were borrowed into Möhkinis. In the following table, each verb is given with a third person singular subject, and if a verb is transitive, with a third person object or objects, nouns are given in their singular form. | The following table shows words in Kootayi and its eastern dialects with corresponding words in the Möhkinis dialect for comparison. Many words were borrowed from Kalyah into Kootayi while some were borrowed into Möhkinis. In the following table, each verb is given with a third person singular subject, and if a verb is transitive, with a third person object or objects, nouns are given in their singular form. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| "man (male adult)" | | "man (male adult)" | ||
| '' | | ''iʼta'' | ||
| '' | | ''iʼtayo'' | ||
| ''ahto'' | | ''ahto'' | ||
|- | |- | ||