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Lántun: Difference between revisions
→Augments
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===Augments=== | ===Augments=== | ||
The '''augment formative''' is a prefix or (more typically) a suffix, added to the base root in order to derive new roots from the existing ones. There are several types of formatives, most of which have a broad semantic function. Often their initial meaning becomes obsolete and they become fully fused to the base root through the process of syncopation. This is why many words with seemingly different meaning have a common base root. | The '''augment formative''' is a prefix or (more typically) a suffix, added to the base root in order to derive new roots from the existing ones. There are several types of formatives, most of which have a broad semantic function. Often their initial meaning becomes obsolete and they become fully fused to the base root through the process of syncopation. This is why many words with seemingly different meaning have a common base root. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Formative | ! Formative | ||
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It is also opportune to clarify, that the morphology of Lántun is '''templatic'''. The template or slot is a functional position in an affixal string of morphemes; each position can be occupied by a definable set of morphemes. This term is the most useful referring to verbal morhology. The function of a given template is determined by how proto-morphemes have come to be re-analysed and ordered in the language, thus semantically related morhemes tend to occupy the same positions, and the morphemes sharing a given position define the function of that position. However, it would be quite facile to argue that reconstruction on such a large scale can be accurately made, using the method of internal reconstruction of some kind of Proto-Lánunic can be misleading, as later Lánunic dialects show a great variability of forms and positions indicating gradual and complex morphophonological shifts. | It is also opportune to clarify, that the morphology of Lántun is '''templatic'''. The template or slot is a functional position in an affixal string of morphemes; each position can be occupied by a definable set of morphemes. This term is the most useful referring to verbal morhology. The function of a given template is determined by how proto-morphemes have come to be re-analysed and ordered in the language, thus semantically related morhemes tend to occupy the same positions, and the morphemes sharing a given position define the function of that position. However, it would be quite facile to argue that reconstruction on such a large scale can be accurately made, using the method of internal reconstruction of some kind of Proto-Lánunic can be misleading, as later Lánunic dialects show a great variability of forms and positions indicating gradual and complex morphophonological shifts. | ||
===Colour markers=== | |||
The category of '''internal state''' idicates a person’s [[w:Personal identity|identity]] (e.g. various aspects or attributes of their appeaeance and personality), translated into English as '''colour''' markers. There is no direct correspondence to this category in human laguages, [[w:Personal pronoun#Gender|gendered pronouns]] is likely the closest analogy, yet a misleading one, since draconids are neither male nor female. The colour is carried by the grammatical person markers (only in their singular forms). There are seven traditionally recognised “colours”: red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, violet and white, the latter also being referred to as neutral. Every colour has their own stereotypical attributes, and thus a colour marker can reveal a lot of information about the speaker that uses a given marker or a person referred via such a marker. | |||
{| class="wikitable" text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | |||
|- | |||
! Colour | |||
! Attribute | |||
! Notes | |||
|- | |||
! Red | |||
| order, energy, passion | |||
| Indicates someone, who is strong and grounded in reality, not particularly emotional. | |||
|- | |||
! Yellow | |||
| enthusiasm, friendliness, gentleness | |||
| Can sometimes indicate immaturity. Otherwise refers to a social, extraverted, or optimistic person. | |||
|- | |||
! Green | |||
| exploration, intelligence, stubborness | |||
| Refers to someone, who values intelligence and knowledge over emotions. May indicate social awkwardness. In dragon culture it is a colour of science and logic. | |||
|- | |||
! Cyan | |||
| impulsivity, change, rigor | |||
| Like yellow, it may indicate a carefree person, but usually refers to someone who is serious, yet impulsive and emotional. | |||
|- | |||
! Blue | |||
| stability, wit, serenity | |||
| Most often used among introverts. Indicates a more open person, that red, yet still quite strong and independent. | |||
|- | |||
! Violet | |||
| eccentricity, creativity | |||
| Used by someone who feels different. Can indicate a tendency towards change, similarly to cyan. Often indicates odd beliefs and thinking. | |||
|- | |||
! White | |||
| balance, humility, defiance | |||
| Typically used when the colour is unknown, or when a speaker does not want to specify their colour. Otherwise, indicates a person, who does not conform to traditional norms, similarly to violet (both fairly open to interpretation). | |||
|- | |||
! Black* | |||
| inanimate | |||
| Used to refer to a person that is not alive. Using with first person is impossible. Can be used to refer to artificial intelligence (e.g. robots). | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
The nominal morphology of Lántun is relatively simple, when compared to the verbal morphology of this language. Lántun exhibits predicate/argument flexibility, which means that all content words are able to occur as the head of the sentence. Words with noun-like meanings are equivalent to nouns, and words with more verb-like meanings are equivalent to verbs, usually regardless of their function. For example, the verb ''el·a'' can mean “to go”, “the process of going” and “one that goes” depending on the context and thus be interpreted as a noun in some instances and a verb in other. Likewise, noun-like words can indicate tense or mood, which is more typical for (yet not entirely exclusive to) verbs, for example: ''kil·tǎi·na'' “this was our (excl.) house”. The category unique to nouns is [[w:Grammatical number|number]]. Although Lántun verbs can potentially receive number markers as well, in those cases the markers typically have a [[w:Distributive case|distributive]] or [[w:Realis mood#Other|intensive]] meaning, while number is instead indicated with person markers. Number in nouns is indicated by augmenting the root, for instance the stem ''-tǎi-'' is A3<sub>f</sub>-type and its plural form is ''-itǎi-'', which is A1<sub>i</sub>-type, while its dual form is ''-tajô-'' — A2<sub>f</sub>-type. The types, to which these augmented forms belong, are usually predictable (A2<sub>f</sub> or A3<sub>f</sub> for dual, and A1<sub>i</sub> or A2<sub>i</sub> for plural), the same is true for the verbal stems and their augmentation. However, many stems do not change, and their number is instead indicated with a suffix, mostly in a case, when a word is a concrete noun (e.g. an item, or a person) — ''ill·a'' “(this is) a draconid (sing.)”, ''ill·à'' “(these are) two draconids (dual)”, ''ill·au'' “draconids (plur.)”, all three stems belong to the A1<sub>f</sub> type. | The nominal morphology of Lántun is relatively simple, when compared to the verbal morphology of this language. Lántun exhibits predicate/argument flexibility, which means that all content words are able to occur as the head of the sentence. Words with noun-like meanings are equivalent to nouns, and words with more verb-like meanings are equivalent to verbs, usually regardless of their function. For example, the verb ''el·a'' can mean “to go”, “the process of going” and “one that goes” depending on the context and thus be interpreted as a noun in some instances and a verb in other. Likewise, noun-like words can indicate tense or mood, which is more typical for (yet not entirely exclusive to) verbs, for example: ''kil·tǎi·na'' “this was our (excl.) house”. The category unique to nouns is [[w:Grammatical number|number]]. Although Lántun verbs can potentially receive number markers as well, in those cases the markers typically have a [[w:Distributive case|distributive]] or [[w:Realis mood#Other|intensive]] meaning, while number is instead indicated with person markers. Number in nouns is indicated by augmenting the root, for instance the stem ''-tǎi-'' is A3<sub>f</sub>-type and its plural form is ''-itǎi-'', which is A1<sub>i</sub>-type, while its dual form is ''-tajô-'' — A2<sub>f</sub>-type. The types, to which these augmented forms belong, are usually predictable (A2<sub>f</sub> or A3<sub>f</sub> for dual, and A1<sub>i</sub> or A2<sub>i</sub> for plural), the same is true for the verbal stems and their augmentation. However, many stems do not change, and their number is instead indicated with a suffix, mostly in a case, when a word is a concrete noun (e.g. an item, or a person) — ''ill·a'' “(this is) a draconid (sing.)”, ''ill·à'' “(these are) two draconids (dual)”, ''ill·au'' “draconids (plur.)”, all three stems belong to the A1<sub>f</sub> type. | ||