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Lántun: Difference between revisions
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====Other suffixes==== | |||
The slot '''s1''' of the suffix conjugation occupies it place immediately after the stem and has three functions: [[w:Reflexive verb|reflexive]], [[w:Reciprocal construction|reciprocal]], [[w:Affirmation and negation|negative]] and negative reflexive and negative reciprocal. Negation of the verb is generally marked with the suffix ''-(k)y'', but this is not always the case, as this suffix sometimes fuses to the stem: ''tak-ky-u-∅-a → tykku'' “they don’t make it”. Reflexive is marked with the suffix ''-s'' and reciprocal – with ''-ri'', for example: ''tol'''s'''ida'' “he is talking to himself”; ''átor'''ri'''da'' “they two are talking to each other”. When used together, the negative and reflexive or reciprocal suffixes merge: ''-sy'' for reflexive and ''-ry'' for reciprocal; these two suffixes never merge with the stem themselves ''tak-sy-∅-u → tassyku'' “it hasn’t appeared on its own”. The slot corresponds to ''p1'' of the prefix conjugation. | |||
The slot '''s2''' of the suffix conjugation represents tense-aspect-voice category and corresponds to '''s1''' of the prefix conjugation. It includes three suffixes: [[w:Preterite|preterite]], ''-n'' [[w:Passive voice|passive]] ''-uk'', [[w:Causative|causative]] ''-(i)da'', the latter of which merge into [[w:Anticausative verb|anticausative]] ''-ud(a)'', if used together. The preterite suffix merged with suffixes of the ''s3'' and ''s5'' slots and can occasionally merge with the stem, though usually new regular verb forms would be used in such instances: ''ne-n-ŋ-i-a → ''*néŋŋi'' (old form), ''nenaŋi'' (new form) “we (incl.) see”. | |||
The '''s4''' slot has a suffix ''-k(u)'' that marks dual of the first or second person and can only be filled after the '''s3''' or '''s5''' slots (even if the s3-suffix is a zero morpheme): in case when the suffix merges with the suffix or the stem, new forms, formed by analogy, appear instead ''tak-k-ki-a → takakki'' “you two used to speak”. It corresponds to '''p3''' of the prefix conjugation. | |||
The '''s6''' slot contains a suffix ''-ū'' representing 3rd person plural and corresponds to '''p5''' of the prefix conjugation. It can absorb adjacent vowels of other suffixes, if present, which elides the vowel, while its accent shifts to the previous syllable, for example: ''tak-ū-âk-a → tak'''û'''ka'' “they talk to a violet one”. | |||
The '''s7''' slot represents the category of [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]]. The suffixes of this slot are: [[w:Irrealis mood|irrealis]] ''-(i)slî'', used when the subject is plural, and ''-l'', used in all other instances; [[w:Optative mood|optative-imperative]] ''-du(h)'' and [[w:Interrogative|interrogative]] ''-(k)ō'', which becomes ''-(k)ô'' near a tonally-marked syllable. The latter two suffixes can merge into one, this is more typical for the prefix-conjugation verbs: ''nalavokar'''dō''''' “would you do it for me?”, which occupies the slot '''s2''' instead. | |||
The '''s8''' slot of the suffix conjugation contains suffixes for dual number of the 3rd person agent ''-ò'' (although this is usually replaced with the ''á-'' formative, since the vowel suffix is easily erroded), the plural of the second person direct object ''-(o)t'' and subject ''-(g)î''. | |||
The suffixes of the '''s9''' slot mark the dual number of the first person patient – ''-ij'', – and the second person patient – ''-uv''. This slot is preceded by '''s10''', which contains suffixes of [[wClusivity|clusivity]]: ''-(j)e'' (exclusive) and ''-i'' (inclusive), and which corresponds to '''p6''' of the prefixing conjugation. | |||
The final slot of the suffix conjugation '''s12''' contains [[w:Focus (linguistics)|focus]] markers. The focus marker describe new, prominent or previously mentioned information. Among nouns and stative verbs focus markers are used for agreement and establishment of syntactic functions, and this agreement is then reflected on the main verb. The slot contains two subsets of suffixes – one is used to mark relationship between subject and object based on their distance; the other is used to indicate, which part of speech is marked. The two subsets act in a slightly different manner, but they form a single system: | |||
{| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" frame=void style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | |||
|- | |||
! proximal<br>subj. | |||
! mesioproximal<br>subj. | |||
! mesiodistal<br>subj. | |||
! distal<br>subj. | |||
|- | |||
! proximal<br>obj. | |||
| -V- | |||
| -ḥV- | |||
| -akV- | |||
| -atV- | |||
|- | |||
! mesioproximal<br>obj. | |||
| -asV- | |||
| -sV- | |||
| -usV- | |||
| -ucV- | |||
|- | |||
! mesiodistal<br>obj. | |||
| -(g)øsV- | |||
| -gV- | |||
| -(l)ø(r)V- | |||
| -(g)usV- | |||
|- | |||
! distal<br>obj. | |||
| -ru(m)- | |||
| -hu- | |||
| -hurV- | |||
| -gurV- | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" frame=void style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | |||
|- | |||
! Subject | |||
! Oblique<br>Object | |||
! Direct<br>Object | |||
|- | |||
! proximal | |||
| ''-a'' | |||
| ''-i'' | |||
| ''-e'' | |||
! mesioproximal | |||
| ''-Vs'' | |||
| ''-is'' | |||
| ''-es'' | |||
! mesiodistal | |||
| ''-Vr'' | |||
| ''-ir'' | |||
| ''-er'' | |||
! distal | |||
| ''-ifar'' | |||
| ''-ifir'' | |||
| ''-ifer'' | |||
! large in size | |||
| ''-(h/g)on'' | |||
| ''-ihen'' | |||
| ''-hen'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
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