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===Syllable structure===
===Syllable structure===
The most typical syllable structure is '''CV''' and '''CVC''' (where '''C''' is any consonant, and '''V''' is any vowel). However, ecause of the vowel syncope, consonant clusters can occur within a syllable, such as in the word ''sve'' [s̺ʰʋe̞꜊] “to exist”. In dialects [ə] may usually break these clusters – [s̺ʰə.ʋe̞꜊].
The most typical syllable structure is '''CV''' and '''CVC''' (where '''C''' is any consonant, and '''V''' is any vowel). However, because of the vowel syncope, consonant clusters can occur within a syllable, such as in the word ''sve'' [s̺ʰʋe̞꜊] “to exist”. In dialects [ə] may usually break these clusters – [s̺ʰə.ʋe̞꜊].


The main root syllable is generally recognised as being monosyllabic of the form '''(C)VC'''. Disyllabic roots, although common, are derived from monosyllabic with augment formatives, or simply '''augments'''. They act as suffixes and typically have the form '''-VC'''. This, in turn, may be followed by additional secondary augments that often merge together via the process of [[w:Syncope (phonology)|syncope]]. Thus, it is convenient to analyse Lántun roots through a general formula – '''<sup>01</sup>C<sub>1</sub><sup>12</sup>V<sub>1</sub><sup>12</sup>C<sub>2</sub>''', with the form '''<sup>m</sup>C<sub>n</sub>''', in which '''m''' is the "strength" of a consonant (m=0 being [∅], m=1 being a consonant with no tone and m=2 being a consonant with tone. For vowels m=1 indicates that a vowel is short and m=2 indicates a long vowel); and '''n''' is a position of a sound in the root. However, due to various phonological processes that occur in the root, only three simple root patterns are allowed (with the additional fourth pattern arising from augmentation, e.g. adding an augment to a root). The three patterns are:
The main root syllable is generally recognised as being monosyllabic of the form '''(C)VC'''. Disyllabic roots, although common, are derived from monosyllabic with augment formatives, or simply '''augments'''. They act as suffixes and typically have the form '''-VC'''. This, in turn, may be followed by additional secondary augments that often merge together via the process of [[w:Syncope (phonology)|syncope]]. Thus, it is convenient to analyse Lántun roots through a general formula – '''<sup>01</sup>C<sub>1</sub><sup>12</sup>V<sub>1</sub><sup>12</sup>C<sub>2</sub>''', with the form '''<sup>m</sup>C<sub>n</sub>''', in which '''m''' is the "strength" of a consonant (m=0 being [∅], m=1 being a consonant with no tone and m=2 being a consonant with tone. For vowels m=1 indicates that a vowel is short and m=2 indicates a long vowel); and '''n''' is a position of a sound in the root. However, due to various phonological processes that occur in the root, only three simple root patterns are allowed (with the additional fourth pattern arising from augmentation, e.g. adding an augment to a root). The three patterns are:
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|-
|-
|}
|}
Neither prefixes nor suffixes follow these patterns, suggesting that they is a more recent layer of morphology, which contrast with more ancient root alternations. The table shows that some root patterns may look identical on the surface, despite belonging to different types: ''tōme'' “it is spacious” and ''tōne'' “era, long time” both seem to be Type 2, but the latter is actually Type A1<sub>1</sub>. The former has a simple root ''√TŌM'', while the latter has an augmented root ''√TOG+N''.
Neither prefixes nor suffixes follow these patterns, suggesting that they is a more recent layer of morphology, which contrast with more ancient root alternations. The table shows that some root patterns may look identical on the surface, despite belonging to different types: ''tōme'' “it is spacious” and ''tǒne'' “era, long time” both seem to be Type 2, but the latter is actually Type A1<sub>1</sub>. The former has a simple root ''√TŌM'', while the latter has an augmented root ''√TOG+N''.


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
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|-
|-
| colspan=2| ''-ad''
| colspan=2| ''-ad''
| above, towards
| above
|-
|-
| colspan=2| ''-ed''
| colspan=2| ''-ed''
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|}
|}
It is also opportune to clarify, that the morphology of Lántun is '''templatic'''. The template or slot is a functional position in an affixal string of morphemes; each position can be occupied by a definable set of morphemes. This term is the most useful referring to verbal morhology. The function of a given template is determined by how proto-morphemes have come to be re-analysed and ordered in the language, thus semantically related morhemes tend to occupy the same positions, and the morphemes sharing a given position define the function of that position. However, it would be quite facile to argue that reconstruction on such a large scale can be accurately made, using the method of internal reconstruction of some kind of Proto-Lánunic can be misleading, as later Lánunic dialects show a great variability of forms and positions indicating gradual and complex morphophonological shifts.
It is also opportune to clarify, that the morphology of Lántun is '''templatic'''. The template or slot is a functional position in an affixal string of morphemes; each position can be occupied by a definable set of morphemes. This term is the most useful referring to verbal morhology. The function of a given template is determined by how proto-morphemes have come to be re-analysed and ordered in the language, thus semantically related morhemes tend to occupy the same positions, and the morphemes sharing a given position define the function of that position. However, it would be quite facile to argue that reconstruction on such a large scale can be accurately made, using the method of internal reconstruction of some kind of Proto-Lánunic can be misleading, as later Lánunic dialects show a great variability of forms and positions indicating gradual and complex morphophonological shifts.
===Framing===
Lántun verbs (and by extension, deverbal nouns) possess the category of [[w:Verb framing|satellite-framing]]. This concept is encoded in the verb stem as a suffix, similar to '''formatives''', but unlike the latter, they can be only applied to verbs of motion. There are two main suffixes: ''-d'', which orients the motion towards the speaker, and ''-l'', which orients toward the interlocutor or toward a certain place. Since the two suffixes represent an old stratum of morphology and do not use connecting vowels, they often become assimilated into the root the same way as formatives, for example: ''*hal'''d'''na → hàlna'' “he came”, ''*hal'''l'''na → hālna'' “he went (somewhere)” (but ''hal'''d'''a'' “he comes”). It is a part of derivational morphology, which differs from formatives only in its function, and its usage is not unlike the one of the augments.
===Colour markers===
===Colour markers===
The category of '''internal state''' idicates a person’s [[w:Personal identity|identity]] (e.g. various aspects or attributes of their appeaeance and personality), translated into English as '''colour''' markers. There is no direct correspondence to this category in human laguages, [[w:Personal pronoun#Gender|gendered pronouns]] is likely the closest analogy, yet a misleading one, since draconids are neither male nor female. The colour is carried by the grammatical person markers (only in their singular forms). There are seven traditionally recognised “colours”: red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, violet and white, the latter also being referred to as neutral. Sometimes black is viewed as a separate colour, but it is not used to indicate a person. Every colour has their own stereotypical attributes, and thus a colour marker can reveal a lot of information about the speaker that uses a given marker or a person referred via such a marker.
The category of '''internal state''' idicates a person’s [[w:Personal identity|identity]] (e.g. various aspects or attributes of their appeaeance and personality), translated into English as '''colour''' markers. There is no direct correspondence to this category in human laguages, [[w:Personal pronoun#Gender|gendered pronouns]] is likely the closest analogy, yet a misleading one, since draconids are neither male nor female. The colour is carried by the grammatical person markers (only in their singular forms). There are seven traditionally recognised “colours”: red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, violet and white, the latter also being referred to as neutral. Sometimes black is viewed as a separate colour, but it is not used to indicate a person. Every colour has their own stereotypical attributes, and thus a colour marker can reveal a lot of information about the speaker that uses a given marker or a person referred via such a marker.
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! Black*
! Black*
| inanimate
| inanimate
| Used to refer to a person that is not alive. Using with first person is impossible. Can be used to refer to artificial intelligence (e.g. robots).
| Used to refer to a person that is not alive. Using with first or second person is impossible. Can be used to refer to artificial intelligence (e.g. robots).
|-
|-
|}
|}
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| <small>3pl</small>
| <small>3pl</small>
| <small>mood</small>
| <small>mood</small>
| <small>3du.Ag<br />1→2pl<br />2pl.Ag</small>
| <small>3du.Ag<br />2pl</small>
| <small>2du.Pat<br />1du.Pat</small>
| <small>2du.Pat<br />1du.Pat</small>
| <small>incl.<br />excl.</small>
| <small>incl.<br />excl.</small>
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| <small>indirect<br />object</small>
| <small>indirect<br />object</small>
| <small>3sg.Ag<br />3du.Ag</small>
| <small>3sg.Ag<br />3du.Ag</small>
| 1→2pl<br />2pl.Ag<br />2du.Pat<br />1du.Pat</small>
| <small>2pl<br />2du.Pat<br />1du.Pat</small>
| <small>incl.<br />excl.</small>
| <small>incl.<br />excl.</small>
| <small>3pl</small>
| <small>3pl</small>
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Example: '''''na'''vas·tadda'' “he (green) gave it to me (white)”.
Example: '''''na'''vas·tadda'' “he (green) gave it to me (white)”.


The category of [[w:Handedness|handedness]] is often expressed as a separate marker, which can be used with singular possessive markers, which defines a person’s dominant side. Unlike in humans, handedness is an important aspect that define various abilities, in particular their ability to interact via the [[w;Electroweak interaction|electroweak force]], and compatibility with other dragons. Left-handed dragons use ''-l(V)'', while right-handed use ''-d(V)'' (where '''V''' is an echo vowel that breaks impossible clusters), for example: ''na'''da'''·tǎja'' “it is my house (neutral right-handed speaker)”. This marker is optional and is often omitted in formal speech.
The category of [[w:Handedness|handedness]] is often expressed as a separate marker, which can be used with singular possessive markers, which defines a person’s dominant side. Unlike in humans, handedness is an important aspect that define various abilities, in particular their ability to interact via the [[w:Electroweak interaction|electroweak force]], and compatibility with other dragons. Left-handed dragons use ''-l(V)'', while right-handed use ''-d(V)'' (where '''V''' is an echo vowel that breaks impossible clusters), for example: ''na'''da'''·tǎja'' “it is my house (neutral right-handed speaker)”. This marker is optional and is often omitted in formal speech.
 
====Evidentiality====
====Evidentiality====
Evidentiality indicates the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, what kind of evidence exists for a statement or event. This evidence can be divided into several categories, based on their credibility and relevance to the speaker:
Evidentiality indicates the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, what kind of evidence exists for a statement or event. This evidence can be divided into several categories, based on their credibility and relevance to the speaker:
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|-
|-
! Dubitative
! Dubitative
| ''-(ì)d-''
| ''-ìd-''
| Information is uncertain or dubious.
| Information is uncertain or dubious.
| ''hal'''ìn'''na''
| ''hal'''ìn'''na''
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====s3-slot====
====s3-slot====
The position '''s3''' describes the relationship between the subject, which is the first person and the direct object, which is the second person, in case if a verb is transitive; and the second person subject, if a verb is intransitive.
The position '''s3''' of the suffixing conjugation, which corresponds to ''p2'' of the prefixing conjugation, describes the relationship between the subject, which is the first person and the direct object, which is the second person, in case if a verb is transitive; and the second person subject, if a verb is intransitive.


In the tables below all possible transitive verb morphemes belonging to the s3-slot are represented with subject being on the vertical axis and object being on the horizontal axis. The forms also have two sets: one for preterit and one of every other tense.
In the tables below all possible transitive verb morphemes belonging to the s3-slot are represented with subject being on the vertical axis and object being on the horizontal axis. The forms also have two sets: one for preterit and one of every other tense.
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|-
|-
|}
|}
====s5-slot====
The position '''s5''' of the suffixing conjugation, which corresponds to ''p4'' of the prefixing conjugation, describes the relationship between the subject, which is the first person and the direct object, which is the third person, or the first person subject, if the verb is intransitive.
{| class="wikitable" frame=void style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"
|-
! Non-preterit
! red
! yellow
! green
! cyan
! blue
! violet
! white
|-
! red
| ''-rer''
| ''-gør''
| ''-mar''
| ''-ir''
| ''-ŋif''
| ''-af''
| ''-ŋam''
|-
! yellow
| ''-ran''
| ''-gaŋ''
| ''-maŋ''
| ''-aŋ''
| ''-ŋak''
| ''-akh''
| ''-haŋ''
|-
! green
| ''-rén''
| ''-gád''
| ''-máŋ''
| ''-ín''
| ''-ŋéŋ''
| ''-óh''
| ''-āŋ''
|-
! cyan
| ''-rī''
| ''-lē''
| ''-mēŋ''
| ''-enī''
| ''-nīs''
| ''-kyh''
| ''-ŋen''
|-
! blue
| ''-rīn''
| ''-gō''
| ''-mōŋ''
| ''-inī''
| ''-ŋīk''
| ''-ūh''
| ''-ŋo''
|-
! violet
| ''-ryŋ''
| ''-gok''
| ''-moŋ''
| ''-nyk''
| ''-ŋik''
| ''-yk''
| ''-ŋ''
|-
! white
| ''-rin''
| ''-ga''
| ''-maŋ''
| ''-in''
| ''-ŋik''
| ''-kuh''
| ''-ŋ''
|-
! inanimate<br>or intransitive
| ''-er''
| ''-øg''
| ''-en''
| ''-eni''
| ''-ik''
| ''-uk''
| ''-(e)ŋ''
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" frame=void style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"
|-
! Preterit
! red
! yellow
! green
! cyan
! blue
! violet
! white
|-
! red
| ''-kyr''
| ''-køm''
| ''-kam''
| ''-kim''
| ''-kif''
| ''-thaf''
| ''-kāf''
|-
! yellow
| ''-kar''
| ''-kag''
| ''-kam''
| ''-kaŋ''
| ''-kak''
| ''-thok''
| ''-hok''
|-
! green
| ''-kér''
| ''-kád''
| ''-kám''
| ''-cín''
| ''-kéŋ''
| ''-kóh''
| ''-kāŋ''
|-
! cyan
| ''-rīr''
| ''-kēl''
| ''-cēŋ''
| ''-ekīk''
| ''-cīk''
| ''-khy''
| ''-eŋke''
|-
! blue
| ''-kīr''
| ''-kōg''
| ''-sōŋ''
| ''-inīk''
| ''-oŋīk''
| ''-thūk''
| ''-eŋko''
|-
! violet
| ''-kyr''
| ''-kag''
| ''-soŋ''
| ''-enki''
| ''-okhi''
| ''-thyk''
| ''-eŋki''
|-
! white
| ''-kir''
| ''-ka''
| ''-ski''
| ''-eki''
| ''-oki''
| ''-thi''
| ''-(k)ki''
|-
! inanimate<br>or intransitive
| ''-ker''
| ''-køg''
| ''-cek''
| ''-oŋi''
| ''-ik''
| ''-khi''
| ''-(e)ki''
|-
|}
====s11-slot====
The position '''s11''' of the suffixing conjugation, which roughly corresponds to ''p8'' of the prefixing conjugation, describes the relationship between the subject and object, both of which are the third person. Unlike both s3- and s5-slots, the s11-suffix does not contain information about the tense and the set of suffixes is identical for both preterit and nonpreterit verbs. Instead a suffix ''-n'' is used to mark preterit tense in such verbs. In case, when both the subject and the direct object are inanimate (and thus cannot be assigned any colour), this slot is kept empty.
{| class="wikitable" frame=void style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"
|-
!
! red
! yellow
! green
! cyan
! blue
! violet
! white
|-
! red
| ''-evr''
| ''-im''
| ''-mam''
| ''-vav''
| ''-muk''
| ''-muth''
| ''-mat''
|-
! yellow
| ''-irh''
| ''-øg''
| ''-haŋ''
| ''-gav''
| ''-okh''
| ''-oth''
| ''-gat''
|-
! green
| ''-ít''
| ''-id''
| ''-dan''
| ''-dav''
| ''-akk''
| ''-akt''
| ''-ad''
|-
! cyan
| ''-ērv''
| ''-īv''
| ''-ōŋ''
| ''-ø̄h''
| ''-ōk''
| ''-ōth''
| ''-ōv''
|-
! blue
| ''-erḥ''
| ''-eḥ''
| ''-ḥaŋ''
| ''-ḥav''
| ''-oḥk''
| ''-oḥt''
| ''-aḥ''
|-
! violet
| ''-irk''
| ''-êk''
| ''-kâŋ''
| ''-kav''
| ''-ukk''
| ''-ukt''
| ''-âk''
|-
! white<br>or intransitive
| ''-ar''
| ''-aj''
| ''-aŋ''
| ''-av''
| ''-ak''
| ''-ath''
| ''-∅''
|-
! inanimate
| ''-er''
| ''-ej''
| ''-eŋ''
| ''-ev''
| ''-ek''
| ''-eth''
| ''-∅''
|-
|}
====Other suffixes====
The slot '''s1''' of the suffix conjugation occupies it place immediately after the stem and has three functions: [[w:Reflexive verb|reflexive]], [[w:Reciprocal construction|reciprocal]], [[w:Affirmation and negation|negative]] and negative reflexive and negative reciprocal. Negation of the verb is generally marked with the suffix ''-(k)y'', but this is not always the case, as this suffix sometimes fuses to the stem: ''tak-ky-u-∅-a → tỳkku'' “they don’t make it”. Reflexive is marked with the suffix ''-s'' and reciprocal – with ''-ri'', for example: ''tol'''s'''ida'' “he is talking to himself”; ''átor'''ri'''da'' “they two are talking to each other”. When used together, the negative and reflexive or reciprocal suffixes merge: ''-sy'' for reflexive and ''-ry'' for reciprocal; these two suffixes never merge with the stem themselves ''tak-sy-∅-u → tassyku'' “it hasn’t appeared on its own”. The slot corresponds to ''p1'' of the prefix conjugation.
The slot '''s2''' of the suffix conjugation represents tense-aspect-voice category and corresponds to '''s1''' of the prefix conjugation. It includes three suffixes: [[w:Preterite|preterite]], ''-n'' [[w:Passive voice|passive]] ''-uk'', [[w:Causative|causative]] ''-(i)da'', the latter of which merge into [[w:Anticausative verb|anticausative]] ''-ud(a)'', if used together. The preterite suffix merged with suffixes of the ''s3'' and ''s5'' slots and can occasionally merge with the stem, though usually new regular verb forms would be used in such instances: ''ne-n-ŋ-i-a → ''*néŋŋi'' (old form), ''nenaŋi'' (new form) “we (incl.) see”.
The '''s4''' slot has a suffix ''-k(u)'' that marks dual of the first or second person and can only be filled after the '''s3''' or '''s5''' slots (even if the s3-suffix is a zero morpheme): in case when the suffix merges with the suffix or the stem, new forms, formed by analogy, appear instead ''tak-k-ki-a → takakki'' “you two used to speak”. It corresponds to '''p3''' of the prefix conjugation.
The '''s6''' slot contains a suffix ''-ū'' representing 3rd person plural and corresponds to '''p5''' of the prefix conjugation. It can absorb adjacent vowels of other suffixes, if present, which elides the vowel, while its accent shifts to the previous syllable, for example: ''tak-ū-âk-a → tak'''û'''ka'' “they talk to a violet one”.
The '''s7''' slot represents the category of [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]]. The suffixes of this slot are: [[w:Irrealis mood|irrealis]] ''-(i)slî'', used when the subject is plural, and ''-l'', used in all other instances; [[w:Optative mood|optative-imperative]] ''-du(h)'' and [[w:Interrogative|interrogative]] ''-(k)ō'', which becomes ''-(k)ô'' near a tonally-marked syllable. The latter two suffixes can merge into one, this is more typical for the prefix-conjugation verbs: ''nalavokar'''dō''''' “would you do it for me?”, which occupies the slot '''s2''' instead.
The '''s8''' slot of the suffix conjugation contains suffixes for dual number of the 3rd person agent ''-ò'' (although this is usually replaced with the ''á-'' formative, since the vowel suffix is easily erroded), the plural of the second person direct object ''-(o)t'' and subject ''-(g)î''.
The suffixes of the '''s9''' slot mark the dual number of the first person patient – ''-ij'', – and the second person patient – ''-uv''. This slot is preceded by '''s10''', which contains suffixes of [[w:Clusivity|clusivity]]: ''-(j)e'' (exclusive) and ''-i'' (inclusive), and which corresponds to '''p6''' of the prefixing conjugation.
The final slot of the suffix conjugation '''s12''' contains [[w:Focus (linguistics)|focus]] markers. The focus marker describe new, prominent or previously mentioned information. Among nouns and stative verbs focus markers are used for agreement and establishment of syntactic functions, and this agreement is then reflected on the main verb. The slot contains two subsets of suffixes – one is used to mark relationship between subject and object based on their distance; the other is used to indicate, which part of speech is marked. The two subsets act in a slightly different manner, but they form a single system (in the table below the symbol ''V'' represents a vowel from the other set):
{|
|
{| class="wikitable" frame=void style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"
|-
!
! proximal<br>subj.
! mesioproximal<br>subj.
! mesiodistal<br>subj.
! distal<br>subj.
|-
! proximal<br>obj.
| -V-
| -ḥV-
| -akV-
| -atV-
|-
! mesioproximal<br>obj.
| -asV-
| -sV-
| -usV-
| -ucV-
|-
! mesiodistal<br>obj.
| -(g)øsV-
| -gV-
| -(l)ø(r)V-
| -(g)usV-
|-
! distal<br>obj.
| -ru(m)-
| -hu-
| -hurV-
| -gurV-
|-
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" frame=void style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"
|-
!
! Subject
! Oblique<br>Object
! Direct<br>Object
|-
! proximal
| ''-(a)''
| ''-(i)''
| ''-(e)''
|-
! mesioproximal
| ''-Vs''
| ''-is''
| ''-es''
|-
! mesiodistal
| ''-Vr''
| ''-ir''
| ''-er''
|-
! distal
| ''-(i)far''
| ''-(i)fir''
| ''-(i)fer''
|-
! Inverse<br>marker
| ''-(h/g)on''
| ''-ihen''
| ''-hen''
|-
|}
|}
The inverse marker is not semantically one of the focus markers, but it occupies the same slot, so it is viewed as being part of the focus marker system. The inverse marker reverts the relation between person markers to the opposite and is only used in conjunction with '''s3''' or '''s5''' slots (and their prefix-conjugation counterparts).


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