Laceyiam: Difference between revisions

|ėmīla'''ndra'''

|ėmīl'''arið'''

* Nouns ending in '''-ia, -iā, -ie, '''or '''-iė '''all have accusative singular in '''-vau''' (e.g. ''nahia ''"mountain" > ''nahiavau'') genitive singular in '''-ei''' (''nahia ''> ''nahei''), ablative singular in '''-vų''' (''nahia ''> ''nahiavų''), locative singular in '''-ye '''(''nahia ''> ''nahiaye''); ergative plural in '''-lss '''(''nahia ''> ''nahialss''), genitive plural in '''-riė''' (''nahia ''> ''nahiariė''), and locative plural in '''-rilym '''(''nahia ''> ''nahiarilym'').

''heilenu ''"wind" is an irregular noun which, for the most part, follows the first declension, alternating between ''heilenu- ''stem and umlauted ''høylen- ''stem, the latter used in singular accusative, genitive, essive, and locative, and in every plural form except essive, ablative, and locative. Non-umlauted forms have /u/ replacing any /a/ in the "normal" first declension pattern, becoming breathy-voiced in ablative plural. Ablative singular is ''heilenų'' with a single, breathy-voiced /<span class="">ṳ</span>/; locative plural is ''heilenuilym'', with the /<span class="">ui̯/ diphthong.</span>

|kairė'''ndra'''

|kair'''ėrið'''

* Nouns ending in '''-y '''and '''-ȳ '''have genitive singular in '''-yvi '''(e.g. ''tammy ''"train" > ''tammyvi''); direct plural in '''-r '''(''tammy > tammyr''), ergative plural in '''-ylss '''(> ''tammylss''), genitive plural in '''-yvė '''(> ''tammyvė''), ablative plural in '''-įnie '''(> ''tammįnie''), and locative plural in '''-īlym '''(> ''tammīlym'').

* Nouns ending in '''-iū''' (uncommon, but most notably ''jeniū'' "flower") have ablative singular in '''-ųu '''(''jeniū ''> ''jeniųu'') and various extended plural stems: direct in '''-ūyai '''(> ''jeniūyai''), ergative '''-ūyilss '''(> ''jeniūyilss''), accusative '''-ūyiau '''(> ''jeniūyiau''), translative '''-ūyinam '''(> ''jeniūyinam''), dative '''-ūyið '''(> ''jeniūyið''), and locative in '''-ūlym '''(> ''jeniūlym''). In addition to these, they also keep the long vowel in genitive singular and plural (e.g. > ''jeniūyi, jeniūyė'').

The third declension (''chīkende paiktairathāda'') includes nouns ending in '''-i'''; they are however divided in two different sub-declensions depending on whether they take ''i-umlaut ''or not. Nouns taking ''i-umlaut ''have their root vowel in either '''a, ā''', (both ''a1'' or ''a2'' types) '''u''', or '''ū; '''umlaut is present in every form <u>except</u> direct, ergative, comitative and dative singular and ablative and locative plural.

|tėti'''ndra'''

|gindāmi'''ndra'''

|tėt'''iarið'''

|<span>gind</span>'''ä'''<span>m'''arið'''</span>

|muða'''ndra'''

|m'''ė'''ð'''indra'''

|gunt'''andra'''

|g'''ā'''nt'''indra'''

|lila'''ndra'''

|l'''ei'''l'''indra'''

|m'''įndra'''

|m'''ięndra'''

|ń'''ȳ'''ń'''endra'''

|ń'''ė'''ń'''eindra'''

|b'''y'''n'''endra'''

|b'''ø'''n'''indra'''

|mitū'''ndra'''

|m'''ei'''tū'''ndra'''

|jāyim'''indra'''

|jāyi'''ṃrið'''

|lilla'''ṃśindra'''

|lilla'''ṃṣrið'''

The sixth declension (''tulūʔende paiktairathāda'') is a common one including basically all ''consonant-stem'' nouns, that is, one of those ending in non-nasal consonants except ''-h''. Possible endings are '''-ð, -t, -ṭ '''and '''-r''', and there are also only five nouns (and their compounds) ending in '''-l: '''''līṭhal ''"seafoam", ''khāngertėl ''(a typical Chlegdarim tandoori oven), ''nūrtāl ''"lake", ''ladragyal ''"inn, restaurant", and ''kambāl ''"thousand" (''khial'' "finger, small branch" also does, but its stem is ''kheld-''). This is also one of the two declensions with a distinct vocative singular form, made by adding '''-e''' to the direct singular.

|bhārmat'''indra'''

|bhārmat'''arið'''

Consonant-stem nouns all follow the same pattern as ''bhārmat,'' but there are some differences between them due to saṃdhi and/or dissimilation:

* As seen with ''bhārmat'', all ''t-stems'' have '''-ṭau''' for plural accusative. All other stems except ''r-stems ''(see below) have '''-Crau''' (the ''t-stem ''form is actually a contraction).

* ''ð-stems ''have dative singular in '''-við '''instead of *-ðið (e.g. ''hlūð ''"place, seat, location" > ''hlūvið'') because of dissimilation. Also, in translative singular the '''-a-''' at the beginning of the ending is optional (> ''hlūðanam ''and ''hlūðnam'' are both acceptable, but the first one is more common).

* ''r-stems ''have two different dissimilations: accusative plural has '''-rl-''' instead of *-rr- (e.g. ''leiðir ''"significant other, girlfriend, boyfriend" > ''leiðirlau''), while translative, essive, and dative plural have '''-lar- '''instead of *-rar- (> ''leiðilariu, leiðilarṇam, leiðilarið'').

* ''l-stems'' have '''-lss '''instead of *-lass in ergative singular (e.g. ''nūrtāl ''"lake" > ''nūrtālss'').

|kømb'''antāndra'''

|kømb'''antārið'''

''śvað ''"thread, path, theme, idea, direction" is an irregular noun mostly following the sixth declension. It has a contracted stem ''śvað'' found in singular direct (with vocative ''śvaþe''), accusative, genitive, exessive, essive, and dative (''śvaþið''), and ablative plural. All other forms use an extended stem ''śvatoð'', but´genitive plural is the synchronically irregular ''śvateðė '', and dative plural is attested both in the regular form ''śvatoðarið'' and the irregular ''śvatoþrið''.

Finally, there are a few nouns ending in '''-k'''; these are all Calémerian toponyms borrowed from Kalurilut, like ''Inūkutlāk'' "Ceria", ''Inūlulīk ''"Nivaren", ''Itanāk ''"Nordúlik", ''Inūkṣvāk ''"Evandor", or ''Ittukavik ''"Gathuráni" - these are all declined following the ''t-stem ''rules (without the special rule for plural accusative). Also, some non-assimilated toponyms for cities, rivers, or other features outside Laltīmāhia may end in '''-k''', but they are usually not declined, instead adpositional constructions like ''[name] ga marta ''"city of [name]" is used, with (here) ''marta ''being the declined word.

|ńält'''ąndra'''

|ńälta'''hiarið'''

Note that the noun ''lilėmaiṭah'', the most important concept in the Yūnialtei religion (and, due to this, in the whole Chlegdarim worldview), is an irregular, singular-only noun and declines as seventh declension in direct, genitive, exessive, essive and locative cases, and as a first declension noun (with stem ''lilėmaiṭą-'') elsewhere; it also lacks a vocative form.

|nanai'''ndra'''

|nanai'''rað'''

Among major languages, those that definitely had the largest Laceyiami influence are ''Kalurilut ''and both standardized dialects of ''Brono-Fathanic'' (''Bronic ''and ''Fathanic''), which are the languages of peoples that are of overwhelming Yūnialtei religious majority and thus have close relationships with Laltīmāhia (Brono also shares with Laltīmāhia about 1300 km of border along the 33rd parallel north); many languages of the ''Dabuke'' family and other local languages of Western Isungatsuaq all have been influenced by Laceyiam, though, due to Western colonization, either Cerian or Nordulic is the lingua franca in those areas. Skyrdagor in Northwestern Isungatsuaq also had some Laceyiam influence, though not very extensive; anyway as Skyrdagor countries are politically aligned with the Eastern Bloc they share modern international terminology mostly with Laceyiam (and languages such as Kalurilut and Brono-Fathanic) rather than with Evandorian languages such as Cerian, Nivarese, or Nordulic. Western languages have mostly borrowed from Laceyiam during the contact between those cultures in the (Western) early Modern Age, when Westerners discovered lots of features from the tropical and equatorial areas of Calémere - almost all located inside the Laceyiam-speaking world. Today, however, there is reciprocal cultural knowledge and, consequently, language contact between them, as shown by the ''level T ''of Laceyiami etymology as in the classification above.

Laceyiam has a particular kinship terminology system. Starting from the immediate relatives, the Ego's parents - '''maihāyana''', pl. '''maihāyanai''' (literally "having a daughter", but the term is nowadays used even if they don't have daughters) - are the '''miyū''' (mother) and the '''tyt''' (father). The word for "daughter" is '''maiha''' and the one for "son" is '''paljāram'''. Siblings - collectively called '''dėdum''', pl. ''dėdumai'' - have different terms depending on three factors: not just their own gender, but also the one of the person they're being referred to as siblings, and, if they're of the same gender, relative age. Thus, from a female's perspective, her older sister will be a '''buneya''', her younger sister will be a '''ḍalieh''', and her brother will be a '''yaupam''' no matter his age. Similarly, from a male's perspective, his older brother will be a '''prauḍhām'''; his younger brother a '''vāyeṣa''' and his sister a '''ńältah'''.

[[Category:Conlangs]]