Laceyiam: Difference between revisions

* '''Instrumental''' (''khabdemin''): case used for instrumental complements (e.g. "by means of X", "using X").

* '''Comitative''' (''mahiegdemin''): case used for complements of company (e.g. "with X", "together with X").

|Instrumental

''heilenu ''"wind" is an irregular noun which, for the most part, follows the first declension, alternating between ''heilenu- ''stem and umlauted ''høylen- ''stem, the latter used in singular accusative, genitive, instrumental, locative, substitutive, and abessive, and in every plural form except instrumental, ablative and locative. Non-umlauted forms have /u/ replacing any /a/ in the "normal" first declension pattern, becoming breathy-voiced in ablative plural. Ablative singular is ''heilenų'' with a single, breathy-voiced /<span class="">ṳ</span>/; locative plural is ''heilenuilym'', with the /<span class="">ui̯/ diphthong.</span>

* Nouns ending in '''-iū''' (uncommon, but most notably ''jeniū'' "flower") have ablative singular in '''-ųu '''(''jeniū ''> ''jeniųu'') and various extended plural stems: direct in '''-ūyai '''(> ''jeniūyai''), ergative '''-ūyilss '''(> ''jeniūyilss''), accusative '''-ūyiau '''(> ''jeniūyiau''), comitative '''-ūyinam '''(> ''jeniūyinam''), dative '''-ūyið '''(> ''jeniūyið''), and locative in '''-ūlym '''(> ''jeniūlym''). In addition to these, they also keep the long vowel in genitive singular and plural (e.g. > ''jeniūyi, jeniūyė'').

|Instrumental

* The '''Short non-tonic stem''' is used in direct, instrumental, and ablative plural;

* The '''Long stem '''is used in the genitive singular and in accusative, comitative, substitutive, and abessive plural;

|Instrumental

!niyū, nih- (mother) (4.4)

|'''niyū'''

|'''niyė'''

|n'''įss'''

|n'''ęiss'''

|nih'''au'''

|n'''ie'''h'''au'''

|'''nęi *'''

|n'''ai'''h'''ė'''

|Instrumental

|nih'''ū'''

|n'''e'''h'''ū'''

|n'''ięnam'''

|nih'''að'''

|n'''ei'''h'''ið'''

|nih'''ų'''

|n'''ęenie'''

|nih'''ie'''

|n'''ai'''h'''ilym'''

|n'''ie'''h'''utiak'''

|}As mentioned before, both '''lila''' and '''niyū''' are irregular nouns, but, being both extremely common nouns, both alone and in compounds, the inclusion of their paradigm as being representative of 4.3 and 4.4 nouns is this way justified. They differ from regular nouns in:

* 4.3 nouns have ablative singular with '''-ų''' and the singular stem, like ''aʔīma ''(a freshwater crustacean of the flooded rainforest in Southern Laltīmāhia) > ''aʔīmų; ''accusative plural with '''ei-au '''(> ''aʔeimau''), dative plural '''e-ið''' (> ''aʔemið'') and substitutive and abessive plural with '''ei-umian/ei-utiak '''(> ''aʔeimumian; aʔeimutiak'' - note that these two cases' forms are based on the accusative plural). The regular ablative singular ''lilų''''' '''and the plural accusative ''leilau'' (and substitutive ''leilumian'' and abessive ''leilutiak'') are however attested as variant forms of the declension of '''lila''' in some literary texts, particularly those composed until the 1st century of the Third Era in modern-day Hjøtūchilām diocese.

* '''lila''' has a peculiar, but predictable, behaviour in ergative singular and plural, that is the lack of any vowel between the '''l '''and the '''ss, '''and '''-iū''' in the instrumental plural. This happens for every fourth- and seventh-declension noun ending in '''-l''' or '''-la'''.

* '''niyū''' has an irregular direct case for both numbers, otherwise it's regular but with the stem '''nih-''' (alternations between '''-h''' and a breathy-voiced vowel are all regular). Genitive '''nęi '''is the only other irregular form, by simplification of earlier (attested in the early Classical Age) ''nięi''. A regular 4.4 noun, ''dlīsa''''' '''"rift, breaking point, limit, abrupt end, edge of a cliff" has direct plural ''dleśiė'' and genitive singular ''dlieśi''''' '''(with a regular '''s > ś '''before '''i '''saṃdhi change).

|Instrumental

|Instrumental

<span>We can thus describe that '''4.1 /j/-stem nouns''' have umlaut in instrumental, comitative, locative, substitutive, and abessive singular, and direct, genitive, and ablative plural; as for '''4.2 /j/-stem nouns''', they have umlaut in genitive, instrumental, comitative, locative, substitutive, and abessive singular, and in direct, genitive, comitative, and ablative plural.</span>

|Instrumental

There are two differences between nouns ending in '''-m''' and those in '''-n: '''the first one is saṃdhi, that is, '''-n''' nouns have '''-nnam''' in comitative singular and '''-ṃmian''' in substitutive singular (e.g. ''mėngerten ''"morning" > ''mėngertennam; mėngerteṃmian''). The other difference is that '''-n''' noun have ergative plural in '''-alss''' (> ''mėngertenalss'')

The sixth declension (''tulūʔende'' ''paiktairathāda''), as mentioned before, includes two-stem nasals: this declension is similar to the fifth one, but these nouns have a '''-s''' between the '''-m''' and the ending in all forms except ergative plural and direct, ergative, comitative, substitutive, and abessive singular.

|Instrumental

|Instrumental

* As seen with ''bhārmat'', all ''t-stems'' have '''-ṭau, -ṭumian, -ṭutiak '''for plural accusative/substitutive/abessive respectively. All other stems except ''r-stems ''(see below) have '''-Crau, -Crumian, -Crutiak''' (the ''t-stem ''forms are actually contractions).

* ''ð-stems ''have dative singular in '''-við '''instead of *-ðið (e.g. ''hlūð ''"place, seat, location" > ''hlūvið'') and abessive singular in '''-þiak '''due to assimilation (> ''hlūþiak''). Also, in comitative singular the '''-a-''' at the beginning of the ending is optional (> ''hlūðanam ''and ''hlūðnam'' are both acceptable, but the first one is more common).

* ''r-stems ''have two different dissimilations: accusative, substitutive, and abessive plural have '''-rl-''' instead of *-rr- (e.g. ''leiðir ''"significant other, girlfriend, boyfriend" > ''leiðirlau, leiðirlumian, leiðirlutiak''), while instrumental, comitative and dative plural have '''-lar- '''instead of *-rar- (> ''leiðilariu, leiðilarṇam, leiðilarið'').

''śvað ''"thread, path, theme, idea, direction" is an irregular noun mostly following the seventh declension. It has a contracted stem ''śvað'' found in singular direct (with vocative ''śvaþe''), accusative, genitive, instrumental, dative (''śvaþið'') and substitutive, and ablative plural. All other forms use an extended stem ''śvatoð'', but abessive singular and genitive plural are synchronically irregular ''śvateþiak, śvateðė ''respectively; substitutive and abessive plural are ''śvatoðarmian ''and ''śvatoðartiak ''respectively, and dative plural is attested both in the regular form ''śvatoðarið'' and the irregular ''śvatoþrið''.

Finally, there are a few nouns ending in '''-k'''; these are all Calémerian toponyms borrowed from Kalurilut, like ''Inūkutlāk'' "Ceria", ''Inūlulīk ''"Nivaren", ''Itanāk ''"Nordúlik", ''Inūkṣvāk ''"Evandor", or ''Ittukavik ''"Gathuráni" - these are all declined following the ''t-stem ''rules (without the special rule for plural accusative/substitutive/abessive). Also, some non-assimilated toponyms for cities, rivers, or other features outside Laltīmāhia may end in '''-k''', but they are usually not declined, instead adpositional constructions like ''[name] ga marta ''"city of [name]" is used, with ''marta ''being the declined word.

|Instrumental

Note that the noun ''lilėmaiṭah'', the most important concept in the Yūnialtei religion (and, due to this, in the whole Chlegdarim worldview), is an irregular, singular-only noun and declines as eighth-declension in direct, genitive, instrumental and locative cases, and as a first-declension noun (with stem ''lilėmaiṭą-'') elsewhere; it also lacks a vocative form.

|Instrumental