Linguifex

Laceyiam: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Laceyiam (view source)

Revision as of 22:43, 13 November 2016

4,506 bytes added ,  13 November 2016
→‎Pronouns - Pārivāyārai
Line 2,103: Line 2,103:
=== Pronouns - Pārivāyārai ===
=== Pronouns - Pārivāyārai ===
Laceyiami pronouns (''pārivāyārai'', sg. ''pārivāyara'') are a closed class divided into two broad categories: '''personal pronouns''' (''tairpārivāyārai'') and '''correlatives''' (''śńėmpārivāyārai'').
Laceyiami pronouns (''pārivāyārai'', sg. ''pārivāyara'') are a closed class divided into two broad categories: '''personal pronouns''' (''tairpārivāyārai'') and '''correlatives''' (''śńėmpārivāyārai'').
Unlike English, Laceyiami pronouns can take attributives arguments, thus phrases like *the young me or *the cleaning he are possible (these examples being respectively ''laṣṭhyęe lāli'' and ''baltiėniaśe nän'').
==== Personal pronouns ====
Laceyiam has fourteen personal pronouns (''tairpārivāyārai''): three persons and two numbers — second person pronouns have two genders each (higher and lower animate), while third person ones have all four genders.
As pronouns already were a closed class in Proto-Cis-Tahianshima (though ''pāt/padi'' and ''dāt/śen'' were later borrowed from Proto-Mǎng Tì, as the declensions of two former PCT pronouns eventually merged), with lots of ablaut variations, Laceyiam has many apparently suppletive pronoun declensions — diachronically, however, only ''nän'' and ''yelah'' are.
Note that the genitive forms of pronouns are also used as possessive adjectives, as Laceyiam does not have a separate form for them.
First person pronouns — lāli, lika
{| class="article-table"
!
!lāli (I)
!lika (we)
|-
|Direct
|lāli
|lika
|-
|Ergative
|lalss
|liṃss
|-
|Accusative
|lulei
|chle
|-
|Genitive
|lālia
|liśā
|-
|Translative
|lulom
|chlom
|-
|Exessive
|lulaṭ
|chlāh
|-
|Essive
|luleim
|chleim
|-
|Dative
|lulið
|chlið
|-
|Ablative
|lulų
|chlų
|-
|Locative
|luliė
|chliė
|}
Second person pronouns — teham, yuvah ; esāt, nagy. Archaic forms, found in older literary texts, inside brackets.
{| class="article-table"
!Higher animate
!teham (you (sg))
!yuvah (you (pl))
|-
|Direct
|teham
|yuvah
|-
|Ergative
|tęss
|ūss
|-
|Accusative
|tęi
|uvei
|-
|Genitive
|temia
|yūya
|-
|Translative
|tihom
|ūnom
|-
|Exessive
|tiḍa
|ūvāh
|-
|Essive
|tięm
|uvim
|-
|Dative
|tīð (tįið)
|uvið
|-
|Ablative
|tių
|uvų
|-
|Locative
|tihė
|uvė
|}
{| class="article-table"
!Lower animate
!esāt (you (sg))
!nagy (you (pl))
|-
|Direct
|esāt
|nagy
|-
|Ergative
|cass
|nāss
|-
|Accusative
|ṣṭhei
|nuhei
|-
|Genitive
|etia
|naja
|-
|Translative
|śinom
|nugnom
|-
|Exessive
|śiḍa
|nugāh
|-
|Essive
|ṣṭhėm
|nuhim
|-
|Dative
|śið
|nuið
|-
|Ablative
|śidų
|nųu
|-
|Locative
|śidė
|nujė
|}
Third person pronouns — tami, lahen ; nän, yelah ; pāt, padi ; dāt, śen. Note that ''tami'' is also used as a generic dummy pronoun in many cases, like questions or even just emphasis.
{| class="article-table"
!Higher animate
!tami (she (it, he))
!lahen (they)
|-
|Direct
|tami
|lahen
|-
|Ergative
|taṃss
|laṃss
|-
|Accusative
|tom
|ląi
|-
|Genitive
|täm
|lańā
|-
|Translative
|tanom
|ląnom
|-
|Exessive
|tāṭ
|lamvāh
|-
|Essive
|tøm
|lahim
|-
|Dative
|tað
|ląið
|-
|Ablative
|tah
|lahų
|-
|Locative
|tayė
|lię
|}
{| class="article-table"
!Lower animate
!nän (he (she, it))
!yelah (they)
|-
|Direct
|nän
|yelah
|-
|Ergative
|ninīss
|yelss (elss)
|-
|Accusative
|nei
|ily (yuly)
|-
|Genitive
|nānia
|ėląa
|-
|Translative
|nunam
|ilam (yulnam)
|-
|Exessive
|nunaṭ
|ivāh
|-
|Essive
|naṃsu
|eisu
|-
|Dative
|nunið
|yulið
|-
|Ablative
|nonų
|yulų
|-
|Locative
|nuniė
|yuliė
|}
The forms ''elss, yuly'', and ''yulnam'' are sometimes used in the Southwest (especially Lunaiyāram and southern Kāmiṭamūlka), but mostly archaic otherwise.
{| class="article-table"
!Plant animate
!pāt (it (he, she))
!padi (they)
|-
|Direct
|pāt
|padi
|-
|Ergative
|pass
|padiss
|-
|Accusative
|pei
|padu
|-
|Genitive
|pātia
|päti
|-
|Translative
|patnam
|pädam
|-
|Exessive
|pandra
|padāh
|-
|Essive
|patsu
|padeṣü
|-
|Dative
|patið
|padið
|-
|Ablative
|patų
|padių
|-
|Locative
|patiė
|padiė
|}
{| class="article-table"
!Inanimate
!dāt (it (he, she))
!śen (they)
|-
|Direct
|dāt
|śen
|-
|Ergative
|dass
|śeṃss
|-
|Accusative
|dei
|śøn
|-
|Genitive
|dātia
|śin
|-
|Translative
|datnam
|śinnam
|-
|Exessive
|dandra
|śināh
|-
|Essive
|datsu
|śiṃsu
|-
|Dative
|datið
|śinið
|-
|Ablative
|datų
|śinų
|-
|Locative
|datiė
|śiniė
|}
There are also the two additional personal pronouns ''lārit'' (reflexive — forms in ''italic'' in the table are rarely used) and ''dänit'' (both).
{| class="article-table"
!
!lārit (-self)
!dänit (both)
|-
|Direct
|''lārit''
|dänit
|-
|Ergative
|''lāriss''
|däṃss
|-
|Accusative
|''lārtau''
|däny
|-
|Genitive
|läri
|danīye
|-
|Translative
|lāritnam
|dänynam
|-
|Exessive
|lārindra
|dämvāh
|-
|Essive
|lāriteṣu
|dänieṣu
|-
|Dative
|lārið
|dänyð
|-
|Ablative
|lārtų
|dänitų
|-
|Locative
|lārtiė
|dänilym
|}


[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
Lili21
8,534

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/59160"