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Laefêvëši/Verbs: Difference between revisions
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→Auxilliary verb álaj (to be)
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| -as || -s | | -as || -s | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Hypothetical | ||
| -av || -v | | -av || -v | ||
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There are three types of causative derived from the original causative above: | There are three types of causative derived from the original causative above: | ||
* '''-ajsk-''' is the default | * '''-ajsk-''' is the neutral or default causative that means both "make" and "cause" | ||
* '''-ejst-''' is the volitional causative: to make on purpose, to force | * '''-ejst-''' is the volitional causative: to make on purpose, to force | ||
* '''-ojst-''' is the non-volitional causatve: to cause by accident | * '''-ojst-''' is the non-volitional causatve: to cause by accident | ||
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| ens- || ''ensá'' | | ens- || ''ensá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Hypothetical | ||
| env- || ''envá'' | | env- || ''envá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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The first infinitive is the basic form of verbs. It is a marked form, the suffixes are ''-vaj'', ''-laj'' and ''-vij''. Each suffix corresponds to one verbal class and each class undergoes a different change when conjugating. | The first infinitive is the basic form of verbs. It is a marked form, the suffixes are ''-vaj'', ''-laj'' and ''-vij''. Each suffix corresponds to one verbal class and each class undergoes a different change when conjugating. | ||
==== | ==== Purposive (second infinitive) ==== | ||
The second infinitive is a form derived from the first infititive. It can be used with one case, the benefactive, although it is mainly omitted; it usually indicates intention. Stem lenghtening does not apply. When combined with reflexive verbs, the forms are slightly changed (shown in brackets). | The purposive or the second infinitive is a form derived from the first infititive. It can be used with one case, the benefactive, although it is mainly omitted; it usually indicates intention. Stem lenghtening does not apply. When combined with reflexive verbs, the forms are slightly changed (shown in brackets). | ||
The forms are: | The forms are: | ||
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* -vaj → '''-vøøn''' ('''-vøen''') | * -vaj → '''-vøøn''' ('''-vøen''') | ||
==== | ==== Immediative ==== | ||
The third infititive is a form of the verb meaning "to be just about to ..." . It is different from other infinitives because it is formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies. | The immediative or the third infititive is a form of the verb meaning "to be just about to ..." . It is different from other infinitives because it is formed from two parts. One part is always attached to the verb while the other is the actual infinitival suffix which is removed when conjugated. Stem lenghtening applies. | ||
The forms are: | The forms are: | ||
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! !! -VIJ forms!! -LAJ forms !! -VAJ forms !! Stem !! ''Meaning'' | ! !! -VIJ forms!! -LAJ forms !! -VAJ forms !! Stem !! ''Meaning'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Gerund | ! Gerund (verbal noun) | ||
| -voi || -loi || -noi || no, C1 || ''Nominalised verb.'' | | -voi || -loi || -noi || no, C1 || ''Nominalised verb.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Present Active Gerund I | ! Present Gerundive<br><small>(Present Active Gerund I)</small> | ||
| -(i)tat || -(i)lat || -(i)nat || yes || ''Simultaneous events.'' | | -(i)tat || -(i)lat || -(i)nat || yes || ''Simultaneous events.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Present Active Gerund II | ! Adverbial Gerundive<br><small>(Present Active Gerund II)</small> | ||
| -(i)taot || -(i)laot || -(i)naot || yes || ''An adverb of manner.'' | | -(i)taot || -(i)laot || -(i)naot || yes || ''An adverb of manner.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Past Active Gerund | ! Past Gerundive<br><small>(Past Active Gerund)</small> | ||
| | -(i)tait || -(i)lait || -(i)nait || yes || ''An action completed prior to the action of the main verb.'' | | | -(i)tait || -(i)lait || -(i)nait || yes || ''An action completed prior to the action of the main verb.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Present Active Participle | ! Relative Participle<br><small>(Present Active Participle)</small> | ||
| -(i)ti / -iei- || -(i)di / -iei- || -(i)ni / -iei- || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace certain relative clauses.'' | | -(i)ti / -iei- || -(i)di / -iei- || -(i)ni / -iei- || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace certain relative clauses.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Past Active Participle II | ! Qualitative Participle<br><small>(Past Active Participle II)</small> | ||
| -(i)tui / -iyi- || -(i)dui / -iyi- || -(i)nui / -iyi- || yes || ''Adjectvies, a quality acquired through action in the past.'' | | -(i)tui / -iyi- || -(i)dui / -iyi- || -(i)nui / -iyi- || yes || ''Adjectvies, a quality acquired through action in the past.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Past Passive Participle | ! Temporal Participle | ||
| -(i)tuei|| -(i)duei || -(i)nuei || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace temporal relative clauses.'' | |||
|- | |||
! Locational Participle | |||
| -(i)tuai || -(i)duai || -(i)nuai || yes || ''Adjectvies, replace locational relative clauses.'' | |||
|- | |||
! Adjectival Participle<br><small>(Past Passive Participle)</small> | |||
| -isi || -isi || -isi || no || ''Adjectives.'' | | -isi || -isi || -isi || no || ''Adjectives.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Past Active Participle I | ! Descriptive Participle<br><small>(Past Active Participle I)</small> | ||
| -rii ''(sg)''<br>-rie ''(du)''<br>-ria ''(pl)''|| | -nii ''(sg)''<br>-nie ''(du)''<br>-nia ''(pl)''|| | -gii ''(sg)''<br>-gie ''(du)''<br>-gia ''(pl)'' || yes* || ''Participles used to form compound tenses.'' | | -rii ''(sg)''<br>-rie ''(du)''<br>-ria ''(pl)''|| | -nii ''(sg)''<br>-nie ''(du)''<br>-nia ''(pl)''|| | -gii ''(sg)''<br>-gie ''(du)''<br>-gia ''(pl)'' || yes* || ''Participles used to form compound tenses.'' | ||
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