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Lahob languages: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language family | {{Infobox language family | ||
| name = Lahob | | name = Lahob | ||
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** ''Tłašnelek languages'', spoken in the northwest of the Koitrûx peninsula as well as some isolated coastal communities further north and west, both on Gurdugal and on the Márusúturonian mainland. | ** ''Tłašnelek languages'', spoken in the northwest of the Koitrûx peninsula as well as some isolated coastal communities further north and west, both on Gurdugal and on the Márusúturonian mainland. | ||
* ''Chlouvānem languages'' (or ''Imuniguronian languages''), including [[Chlouvānem]] and all of its descendants, which is the most spoken and widespread branch, counting for nearly the entirety of all Lahob speakers. | * ''Chlouvānem languages'' (or ''Imuniguronian languages''), including [[Chlouvānem]] and all of its descendants, which is the most spoken and widespread branch, counting for nearly the entirety of all Lahob speakers. | ||
** The Chlouvānem (or Imuniguronian) branch is traditionally divided into three sub-branches: Northern Imuniguronian, Southern Imuniguronian, and Mūltarhāveyi, the third of which has only recently been recognized as a stand-alone branch, as it was formerly considered a third subdivision of Northern Imuniguronian. Southern Imuniguronian is formed by Chlouvānem, Ancient Western Chlouvānem, and all of their descendants (the majority of Lahob vernaculars of the Inquisition which are not creoles); it is the only branch which has been attested since ancient times. Northern Imuniguronian and Mūltarhāveyi together include eleven vernacular languages spoken in the northwestern corner of the Plain and in the highlands of Mūltarhāvi; these languages have remained unwritten until the early Consolidation Era and have had a large influence from non-Lahob languages of the area as well as from Classical Chlouvānem and share many areal features with the Southern Imuniguronian Khalmāṣi languages (or Northwestern Plain vernaculars), one of the daughter branches of Chlouvānem; these features have long made it difficult to recognize them as distinct branches. Like the majority of vernaculars of the Inquisition, these languages are only ever written in informal settings and exist in a state of diglossia with Standard Chlouvānem. ''Boxʷǝḷ'' (''bālši'' in Chl.), a Northern Imuniguronian language of the Sarēdī group, mostly spoken in Dāhuṭrijaiṭa, is by far the most spoken one, with about two million native speakers. | |||
The Lahob family is one of many language families - including the unrelated Kenengyry and Samaidulic families, as well as various not better classified isolates - that most likely originated in the area of Márusúturon between the Carpan and the Skyrdegan seas, roughly between 30° and 40°N. The Urheimat of Proto-Lahob speakers is thought to be either the western shore of the High Ivulit (i.e. modern day Leñ-ṱef or Ebed-dowa) or the area around the Little Ivulit (today southern Leñ-ṱef, Līnajaiṭa, or southern Qualdomailor). From there, the Lahob peoples mainly expanded northwards, up to the taiga of northern Márusúturon, except for a few tribes (notably the Ur-Chlouvānem) who migrated southeastwards, into the Nīmbaṇḍhāra-Lāmberah plain. In most of this area, however, Lahob languages were replaced by the later spread first of Samaidulic and then of Kenengyry languages, so that practically all non-Chlouvānem Lahob languages are spoken in the Northern Márusúturonian taiga, along the Orcish Straits.<br/> | The Lahob family is one of many language families - including the unrelated Kenengyry and Samaidulic families, as well as various not better classified isolates - that most likely originated in the area of Márusúturon between the Carpan and the Skyrdegan seas, roughly between 30° and 40°N. The Urheimat of Proto-Lahob speakers is thought to be either the western shore of the High Ivulit (i.e. modern day Leñ-ṱef or Ebed-dowa) or the area around the Little Ivulit (today southern Leñ-ṱef, Līnajaiṭa, or southern Qualdomailor). From there, the Lahob peoples mainly expanded northwards, up to the taiga of northern Márusúturon, except for a few tribes (notably the Ur-Chlouvānem) who migrated southeastwards, into the Nīmbaṇḍhāra-Lāmberah plain. In most of this area, however, Lahob languages were replaced by the later spread first of Samaidulic and then of Kenengyry languages, so that practically all non-Chlouvānem Lahob languages are spoken in the Northern Márusúturonian taiga, along the Orcish Straits.<br/> | ||
The Ur-Chlouvānem eventually settled in the far southern part of the Plains, where they intermixed with the local populations, forming a distinct ethnicity whose main connection with the other Lahob peoples is linguistic rather than genetic. Eventually the Chlouvānem language, | The Ur-Chlouvānem eventually settled in the far southern part of the Plains, where they intermixed with the local populations, forming a distinct ethnicity whose main connection with the other Lahob peoples is linguistic rather than genetic. Eventually the Chlouvānem language, one of only two attested ancient Lahob languages<ref>The other ancient Lahob language to be attested is Western Ancient Chlouvānem (or WAC), which is however extremely closely related to Chlouvānem so that many scholars consider them to be two divergent dialects of the same language; in fact, the two languages only diverged from Ur-Chlouvānem after the migration into the Plain, and they had varying degrees of mutual intelligibility while they were spoken first languages. WAC itself was replaced in official usage by Chlouvānem (albeit much more slowly than unrelated languages of other Chlouvānemized territories), and the present-day Southwestern Plain vernaculars, daughter languages of WAC, still use Classical Chlouvānem as their lingua franca.</ref>, became the liturgical language of the [[Verse:Yunyalīlta|Yunyalīlta]], which led it to be spread across all of Márusúturon and become, as of today, the most spoken language of the planet. | ||
By number of native speakers, they are the second-largest on the planet (just slightly behind the mostly Védrenian [[Yombu-Raina languages]]), however the vast majority of Lahob speakers speak a language belonging to the Chlouvānem branch.<br/> | By number of native speakers, they are the second-largest on the planet (just slightly behind the mostly Védrenian [[Yombu-Raina languages]]), however the vast majority of Lahob speakers speak a language belonging to the Chlouvānem branch.<br/> | ||
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The Lahob languages have a few competing names, all ultimately derived from Lahob proper: | The Lahob languages have a few competing names, all ultimately derived from Lahob proper: | ||
* ''Lahob'', ''Lahou'', or ''Lahobic'' all derive from the ethnonym ''Łaȟoḇ'' [ɬaˈχɔβ] in Łaȟobarir, through [[Nordulaki]] ''Lahou'' [laˈhɔʊ̯]; the ultimate origin is Proto-Lahob *ɬakʰober, which is the common self-designation for many Lahob peoples (e.g. Łohof, Łogawe, Łokow, Łoku, Tɬow). | * ''Lahob'', ''Lahou'', or ''Lahobic'' all derive from the ethnonym ''Łaȟoḇ'' [ɬaˈχɔβ] in Łaȟobarir, through [[Nordulaki]] ''Lahou'' [laˈhɔʊ̯]; the ultimate origin is Proto-Lahob *ɬakʰober, which is the common self-designation for many Lahob peoples (e.g. Łohof, Łogawe, Łokow, Łoku, Tɬow). | ||
* ''Neshlenkentian'' derives from Łogawe '' | * ''Neshlenkentian'' derives from Łogawe ''nä łenkänt'', meaning either "our family" or "we are a family"; ''łenkänt'' is ultimately connected to Proto-Lahob *liŋkajnet, the root for "family" in many non-Chlouvānem Lahob languages. | ||
* ''Lahob-Imuniguronian'' is an outdated term which was common when the relationship between the Core Lahob languages and Chlouvānem hadn't been proved yet; as acceptance of the theory grew, the term Lahob-Imuniguronian was replaced by the simpler Lahob, that had been used for the Core Lahob languages until then. "Imuniguronian" is the English adaptation of ''imúnigúronen'', the [[Cerian]] term (common to most Western languages) for "Chlouvānem". | * ''Lahob-Imuniguronian'' is an outdated term which was common when the relationship between the Core Lahob languages and Chlouvānem hadn't been proved yet; as acceptance of the theory grew, the term Lahob-Imuniguronian was replaced by the simpler Lahob, that had been used for the Core Lahob languages until then. "Imuniguronian" is the English adaptation of ''imúnigúronen'', the [[Cerian]] term (common to most Western languages) for "Chlouvānem". | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Direct | ! Direct | ||
| *juɟ-om || rowspan=2 | *juɟ-iwā || rowspan=2 | *juɟ- | | *juɟ-om || rowspan=2 | *juɟ-iwā || rowspan=2 | *juɟ-om-k || yujam || rowspan=2 | yujivā || rowspan=2 | yujāk || yiž || yižuk || sur || susung | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | ! Vocative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Direct | ! Direct | ||
| *tūl-u-m || rowspan=2 | *tūl-w-iwā || rowspan=2 | *tūl- | | *tūl-u-m || rowspan=2 | *tūl-w-iwā || rowspan=2 | *tūl-um-k || tūlum || rowspan=2 | tūlvivā || rowspan=2 | tūlūk || || || tuł || tułung | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | ! Vocative | ||
| *tūl-w-e || tūlve || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || | | *tūl-w-e || tūlve || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || rowspan=3 colspan=2 | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| *tūl-u-m-u || *tūl-w-es || *tūl-u-jir || tūlumu || tūlves || tūluyih | | *tūl-u-m-u || *tūl-w-es || *tūl-u-jir || tūlumu || tūlves || tūluyih | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ergative | ! Ergative | ||
| *tūl-u-go || *tūl-w-ēn || *tūl-u-m-ūn || tūluga || tūlvyan || tūlumūn || rowspan=2 | | *tūl-u-go || *tūl-w-ēn || *tūl-u-m-ūn || tūluga || tūlvyan || tūlumūn || rowspan=2 | || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| *tūl-u-m-i || *tūl-w-ajwo || *tūl-u-m-nān || tūlumi || tūlveva || tūluṃrān || || || | | *tūl-u-m-i || *tūl-w-ajwo || *tūl-u-m-nān || tūlumi || tūlveva || tūluṃrān || || tułume || tułunä | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
| *tūl-u-m-op || rowspan=3 | *tūl-u-bʱan || *tūl-um-nīko || tūlumap || rowspan=3 | tūlubhan || tūluṃrīka || rowspan=4 colspan=2 | || | | *tūl-u-m-op || rowspan=3 | *tūl-u-bʱan || *tūl-um-nīko || tūlumap || rowspan=3 | tūlubhan || tūluṃrīka || rowspan=4 colspan=2 | || rowspan=4 colspan=2 | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Exessive | ! Exessive | ||
| *tūl-u-m-ot || *tūl-u-mōn || tūlumat || tūlumān | | *tūl-u-m-ot || *tūl-u-mōn || tūlumat || tūlumān | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ablative | ! Ablative | ||
| *tūl-u-m-ux || *tūl-w-ajnits || tūlumų || tūlvenīs | | *tūl-u-m-ux || *tūl-w-ajnits || tūlumų || tūlvenīs | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Translative | ! Translative | ||
| *tūl-u-m-on || rowspan=2 | *tūl-w-ix || *tūl-u-nt || tūluman || rowspan=2 | tūlvį || tūlūt | | *tūl-u-m-on || rowspan=2 | *tūl-w-ix || *tūl-u-nt || tūluman || rowspan=2 | tūlvį || tūlūt | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| *tūl-u-m-awm || *tūl-u-m-sām || tūlumom || tūluṃsām || || | | *tūl-u-m-awm || *tūl-u-m-sām || tūlumom || tūluṃsām || || || tułumaw || tułusä | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Essive | ! Essive | ||
| *tūl-u-m-x || rowspan=2 | *tūl-u-nne || *tūl-u-gem || tūlų || rowspan=2 | tūlunne || tūlugem || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || | | *tūl-u-m-x || rowspan=2 | *tūl-u-nne || *tūl-u-gem || tūlų || rowspan=2 | tūlunne || tūlugem || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| *tūl-u-m-n(j)aj || *tūl-u-ʕīm || tūluṃrye || tūlulīm | | *tūl-u-m-n(j)aj || *tūl-u-ʕīm || tūluṃrye || tūlulīm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=11 | i-stems | ! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=11 | i-stems | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Direct | ! Direct | ||
| *sgāt-i-m || rowspan=2 | *sgāt-i-iwā || rowspan=2 | *sgāt- | | *sgāt-i-m || rowspan=2 | *sgāt-i-iwā || rowspan=2 | *sgāt-im-k || ṛgātim || rowspan=2 | ṛgātīvā || rowspan=2 | ṛgātīk || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | ! Vocative | ||
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Like most modern Lahob languages - Chlouvānem is, this time, the exception - the Proto-Lahob second person pronouns distinguished natural gender both in the singular and in the plural; while all plural pronouns have vanished from Chlouvānem (though the 2PL feminine one's direct and genitive cases only are attested in Archaic Chlouvānem), the feminine singular is reflected as the formal superior and the masculine singular as the formal inferior. Some Kenaywanic languages, as e.g. Łōpian, have also simplified the system by only retaining the originally masculine forms.<br/> | Like most modern Lahob languages - Chlouvānem is, this time, the exception - the Proto-Lahob second person pronouns distinguished natural gender both in the singular and in the plural; while all plural pronouns have vanished from Chlouvānem (though the 2PL feminine one's direct and genitive cases only are attested in Archaic Chlouvānem), the feminine singular is reflected as the formal superior and the masculine singular as the formal inferior. Some Kenaywanic languages, as e.g. Łōpian, have also simplified the system by only retaining the originally masculine forms.<br/> | ||
The dual forms may not be reliably reconstructed (as anywhere in Proto-Lahob morphology) because Chlouvānem is the only attested Lahob language with a dual form (excluding a few of its daughter languages). | The dual forms may not be reliably reconstructed (as anywhere in Proto-Lahob morphology) because Chlouvānem is the only attested Lahob language with a dual form (excluding a few of its daughter languages, as well as closely related Western Ancient Chlouvānem). | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! *muxmō~mexjō, *mux-/*me- "we" | ! *muxmō~mexjō, *mux-/*me- "we" | ||
| — || ''*muma'' || mun || mum || mun || ''*mɛy'' || me || mē || mē || ''*mɛn'' || nän || | | — || ''*muma'' || mun || mum || mun || ''*mɛy'' || me || mē || mē || ''*mɛn'' || nän || nä || mye || ''*mᵞen'' || mъen || ''*moȟō'' || mohu | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *korin, *kro-/*koj- "you (masculine pl)" | ! *korin, *kro-/*koj- "you (masculine pl)" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! *jemibɨ ～ *denə <small>"one"</small> | ! *jemibɨ ～ *denə <small>"one"</small> | ||
| emibe || ''*yempu'' || yew || empu || yiw || ''*imbo'' || im̃u || im̃o || im̃u || ''*zɛmeb'' || sämeḇ || | | emibe || ''*yempu'' || yew || empu || yiw || ''*imbo'' || im̃u || im̃o || im̃u || ''*zɛmeb'' || sämeḇ || zäwm || šeme || ''*deno'' || de || ''*ten'' || ti | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *doni <small>"two"</small> | ! *doni <small>"two"</small> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! *nexɬə(te) <small>"four"</small> | ! *nexɬə(te) <small>"four"</small> | ||
| nęlte || ''*netłet'' || nełe || netłe || nełë || ''*neetɬo'' || nitłu || nētło || nīnu || ''*nɛɬ'' || näł || | | nęlte || ''*netłet'' || nełe || netłe || nełë || ''*neetɬo'' || nitłu || nētło || nīnu || ''*nɛɬ'' || näł || näł || nyeł || ''*nehɬo'' || nał || ''*neȟtɬo'' || nihtło | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *sjuŋko <small>"five"</small> | ! *sjuŋko <small>"five"</small> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! *wewʕe-den <small>"eleven"</small> | ! *wewʕe-den <small>"eleven"</small> | ||
| vælden || ''*wālen'' || waðen || wane || wothi || ''*yɔwdin'' || wedin || wahdin || warin || ''*wɑdɛn'' || warä || | | vælden || ''*wālen'' || waðen || wane || wothi || ''*yɔwdin'' || wedin || wahdin || warin || ''*wɑdɛn'' || warä || waä || ŏye || ''*vʲɑden'' || ved || ''*wawaten'' || wate | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *māmōwə ～ *nexɬəpāmwəj <small>"twelve"</small> | ! *māmōwə ～ *nexɬəpāmwəj <small>"twelve"</small> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! *ʕiken <small>"arm"</small> | ! *ʕiken <small>"arm"</small> | ||
| — || ''*oken'' || ohen || oken || oke || ''*ekin'' || ekin || ičin || īn || ''*ɛkɛn'' || äȟän || | | — || ''*oken'' || ohen || oken || oke || ''*ekin'' || ekin || ičin || īn || ''*ɛkɛn'' || äȟän || ää || yehye || ''*eken'' || ikn || ''*oken'' || oke | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *√ʕiŋ- <small>"to live"</small> | ! *√ʕiŋ- <small>"to live"</small> | ||
| √lil- || ''*oŋ-'' || ang- || on- || an- || ''*eŋ͡m-'' || em̃- || im̃- || im̃- || ''*ɛŋ-'' || eng- || | | √lil- || ''*oŋ-'' || ang- || on- || an- || ''*eŋ͡m-'' || em̃- || im̃- || im̃- || ''*ɛŋ-'' || eng- || än- || yeng- || ''*emʲ/mᵞ-'' || emь- ～ emъ- || ''*oŋ͡m-'' || oŋm- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *√gʷʱi-, <small>"to take care of"</small> | ! *√gʷʱi-, <small>"to take care of"</small> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! *mwerkos <small>"black"</small> | ! *mwerkos <small>"black"</small> | ||
| murkas || ''*ŋero'' || ngel || nel || nerë || ''*ŋ͡mereko'' || m̃ereku || m̃eyeko || m̃iriu || ''*ŋɛrk'' || ngäk || | | murkas || ''*ŋero'' || ngel || nel || nerë || ''*ŋ͡mereko'' || m̃ereku || m̃eyeko || m̃iriu || ''*ŋɛrk'' || ngäk || näk || ngek || ''*mᵞerʲɑ'' || marь || ''*mwēka'' || mwéka | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *ɣuŋjā <small>"moon"</small> | ! *ɣuŋjā <small>"moon"</small> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! *liŋkajnet <small>"family"</small> | ! *liŋkajnet <small>"family"</small> | ||
| — || ''*ɬikēnet'' || łihet || łisine || łikinë || ''*ɬeŋkɛyni'' || łenkey || łinkēn || ninkēni || ''*ɬeŋkɛnɛt'' || łengkäd || | | — || ''*ɬikēnet'' || łihet || łisine || łikinë || ''*ɬeŋkɛyni'' || łenkey || łinkēn || ninkēni || ''*ɬeŋkɛnɛt'' || łengkäd || łenkänt || łekyet || ''*lʲinkene'' || līkne || ''*ɬiŋkēne'' || łikéne | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *frātos <small>"wind"</small> | ! *frātos <small>"wind"</small> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! *ʕanaj <small>"island"</small> | ! *ʕanaj <small>"island"</small> | ||
| lanai || ''*anē'' || ane || ani || ani || ''*ɔney'' || wene || wanē || wanē || ''*ɑnɛ'' || anä || | | lanai || ''*anē'' || ane || ani || ani || ''*ɔney'' || wene || wanē || wanē || ''*ɑnɛ'' || anä || onä || ŏi || ''*ɑne'' || ân || ''*onē'' || oné | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *siwás <small>"animal"</small> | ! *siwás <small>"animal"</small> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! *jetiror <small>"stranger, foreigner"</small> | ! *jetiror <small>"stranger, foreigner"</small> | ||
| etirah <small>"customer"</small> || ''*yetiru'' || yetil || esil || yetir || ''*yetir'' || eti || itir || itiš || ''*zɛter'' || särt || | | etirah <small>"customer"</small> || ''*yetiru'' || yetil || esil || yetir || ''*yetir'' || eti || itir || itiš || ''*zɛter'' || särt || zäc || šeϑe || ''*itirᵞo'' || iturъ || ''*yetila'' || citina | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *ēʕto <small>"trace, footprint"</small> | ! *ēʕto <small>"trace, footprint"</small> | ||
| yalta<br/><small>"symbol, ..."</small> || ''*āto'' || ato || at || otë || ''*aata'' || āta || āt || ēta || ''*ɛt'' || ät || | | yalta<br/><small>"symbol, ..."</small> || ''*āto'' || ato || at || otë || ''*aata'' || āta || āt || ēta || ''*ɛt'' || ät || ät || yet || ''*eta'' || eta || ''*āta'' || ata | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *lanisí <small>"braid"</small> | ! *lanisí <small>"braid"</small> | ||
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* Chlouvānem: ''(lili) pāmvyu daltu yųlaute.'' {{IPA|[ɴ̆iɴ̆i päːmʋju däɴ̆tu jṳɴ̆äʊ̯te]}} | * Chlouvānem: ''(lili) pāmvyu daltu yųlaute.'' {{IPA|[ɴ̆iɴ̆i päːmʋju däɴ̆tu jṳɴ̆äʊ̯te]}} | ||
** Līlasuṃghāṇi vernacular: ''lil pœy dolɂee ulat.'' {{IPA|[ɴ̆iŋ ˌpœːi̯ duɴ̆ˈɁeː ˈyːɴ̆ɐt]}} | ** Līlasuṃghāṇi vernacular: ''lil pœy dolɂee ulat.'' {{IPA|[ɴ̆iŋ ˌpœːi̯ duɴ̆ˈɁeː ˈyːɴ̆ɐt]}} | ||
** Lāltaṣveyi vernacular: ''li pamb dôltô zuld.'' {{IPA|[ɴ̆i ˌpamb ˈdɔɴ̆tɔ ˈzuɴ̆d]}} | |||
** Lāmberhāti vernacular: ''lil pamf dôlt julôd.'' {{IPA|[ɴ̆iw̃ ˌpaɱf ˈdɔɴ̆t ˈdʒuɴ̆ɔð̞]}} | |||
* Western Ancient Chlouvānem: ''(lilǝ) pāmbǝyu dartu yūrwåǝtǝ'' {{IPA|*[ɴ̆iɴ̆ǝ päːmbǝju därtu juːrwɔʊ̯tǝ]}} <small>''(reconstructed pronunciation)''</small> | |||
''Central Lahobic languages'' | ''Central Lahobic languages'' | ||
* Łohofál: ''ngi yułot feng dołit.'' {{IPA|[ŋi ˈjuɬɔt fɛŋ ˈdɔɬit]}} | * Łohofál: ''ngi yułot feng dołit.'' {{IPA|[ŋi ˈjuɬɔt fɛŋ ˈdɔɬit]}} | ||