@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+: {{distinguish|text= the [[Lakovic languages]]}}
 {{Infobox language family
 | name        = Lahob
-| altname     = Lahobic
+| altname     = Lahob-Imuniguronian; Lahobic
-| region      = planet of Calémere: northern Evandor and most of Mārsūtram
+| setting     = [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]]
+| region      = most of Márusúturon
 | protoname   = Proto-Lahob
-| familycolor = #F3B1F5
+| familycolor = #E4CEFA
-| fam1= One of the world's primary language families
+| family = One of Calémere's primary language families
-| child1      = Pwaɬasd-Ngos
+| child1      = Kenaywanic
 | child2      = Central Lahobic
-| child3      = Tlengastic
+| child3      = Łogawenek
-| child4      = Woŋom-Baan
+| child4      = Nayzehenyn
-| child5      = Šlokhowdeš
+| child5      = Tłašnelek
 | child6      = [[Chlouvānem]]
 }}
-The '''Lahob languages''' (also '''Lahobic''') are a language family on the planet of ''Calémere''; its Urheimat is in the far northern part of Evandor, where the greatest diversity among them is still found; the most spoken language of the family is however [[Chlouvānem]], spoken (along with its daughter languages) across large areas of Greater Evandor (in the continent of ''Márusúturon'' or ''Mārsūtram''), with [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|its own heartland]] more than 10,000 km away.<br/>
+The '''Lahob languages''' (also known as '''Lahou''', '''Lahobic''', '''Neshlenkentian''', or '''Lahob-Imuniguronian'''; Yeł. Lawo: ''tławiyuk notłe''; Łaȟoḇaror: ''łaȟoḇu sorä''; [[Chlouvānem|Chl.]]: ''hūlisakhāni dhāḍai'' (rarely ''lahāvumi dhāḍai''; <small>[[Nordulaki|Nor.]]: ''þêukor Lahou'', [[Cerian|Cer.]]: ''šérošu Raó'' or ''Lahó''</small>) are a large [[Verse:Calémere|Calémerian]] language family, most widely spoken on the continent of Márusúturon<ref>The only core Lahob-speaking territories in other continents, except for the coasts of Gurdugal, are the Kāyīchah islands (geographically in Védren) and a handful of small Tłašnelek-speaking villages in far eastern Gathuráni - an area whose actual classification as Evandor or Márusúturon is disputed.</ref>.
-The family takes its name from ''Łaȟoḇszer'', language of the ''Łaȟoḇ'' people, the largest and first studied in the Lahob heartlands.
-Lahob languages nowadays are divided into five or six branches, four of which only spoken in a small area along the Orcish Straits and the tundra/taiga border:
+There are six currently recognized living Lahob branches, often grouped in two macro-branches:
-* ''Pwaɬasd-Ngos languages'', including Tundra Pwaɬasd, Forest Pwaɬasd (sometimes included in a Macro-Pwaɬasd language), Zerfek, Nehsy, and Ngos;
+* ''Northern Lahob'', ''Core Lahob'', or ''Lahob proper'' - an occasionally used, at least geographically relevant, category for the five non-Chlouvānem branches spoken in Northern Márusúturon (mainly the boreal country of Mersefêny):
-* ''Central Lahobic languages'', including Łaȟoḇszer (the language that gave its name to the family), Łokow, Yełeshian Lawo, and Shershan Lawo;
+** ''Kenaywanic languages'', spoken mainly in far western Mersefêny, including Łōplan and others, but also ''Kȯtıme&nbsp;Qoşazırme'', spoken at Taiga Crane Lake (Kȯt Qoşazırme) in central Kerbellion, the westernmost Core Lahob language and one of the most divergent.
-* ''Tlengastic languages'', including Coastal Tlengast, Hilly Tlengast, and Bänme;
+** ''Central Lahobic languages'', spoken in the Berkill basin and in a few communities in the far southwest (Konyzałay peninsula) of the Koitrûx peninsula; including Łohofál, Sulutamilian&nbsp;Minwan, Łokudár, Dal&nbsp;Ming&nbsp;Wang, and Tłowpedar.
-* ''Woŋom-Baan languages'' (sometimes considered as a sub-group of the Tlengastic branch), including Woŋom, Baan, and Selmeš.
+** ''Łogawenek languages'', spoken in the Firap and Allak basins of Mersefêny, and moribund in far northern Soenjŏ-tave; including ...
+** ''Nayzehenyn languages'', spoken mainly across most of the central, northern, and eastern Koitrûx peninsula, including Yełeshian&nbsp;Lawo, Shershan&nbsp;Lawo, Nahawi, and others;
+** ''Tłašnelek languages'', spoken in the northwest of the Koitrûx peninsula as well as some isolated coastal communities further north and west, both on Gurdugal and on the Márusúturonian mainland.
+* ''Chlouvānem languages'' (or ''Imuniguronian languages''), including [[Chlouvānem]] and all of its descendants, which is the most spoken and widespread branch, counting for nearly the entirety of all Lahob speakers.
+** The Chlouvānem (or Imuniguronian) branch is traditionally divided into three sub-branches: Northern Imuniguronian, Southern Imuniguronian, and Mūltarhāveyi, the third of which has only recently been recognized as a stand-alone branch, as it was formerly considered a third subdivision of Northern Imuniguronian. Southern Imuniguronian is formed by Chlouvānem, Ancient Western Chlouvānem, and all of their descendants (the majority of Lahob vernaculars of the Inquisition which are not creoles); it is the only branch which has been attested since ancient times. Northern Imuniguronian and Mūltarhāveyi together include eleven vernacular languages spoken in the northwestern corner of the Plain and in the highlands of Mūltarhāvi; these languages have remained unwritten until the early Consolidation Era and have had a large influence from non-Lahob languages of the area as well as from Classical Chlouvānem and share many areal features with the Southern Imuniguronian Khalmāṣi languages (or Northwestern Plain vernaculars), one of the daughter branches of Chlouvānem; these features have long made it difficult to recognize them as distinct branches. Like the majority of vernaculars of the Inquisition, these languages are only ever written in informal settings and exist in a state of diglossia with Standard Chlouvānem. ''Boxʷǝḷ'' (''bālši'' in Chl.), a Northern Imuniguronian language of the Sarēdī group, mostly spoken in Dāhuṭrijaiṭa, is by far the most spoken one, with about two million native speakers.
-These four languages are part of the so-called Subpolar Evandor Sprachbund, sharing features among them and with a few neighboring Kordegic languages and the easternmost rural dialects of Gathura.<br/>
+The Lahob family is one of many language families - including the unrelated Kenengyry and Samaidulic families, as well as various not better classified isolates - that most likely originated in the area of Márusúturon between the Carpan and the Skyrdegan seas, roughly between 30° and 40°N. The Urheimat of Proto-Lahob speakers is thought to be either the western shore of the High Ivulit (i.e. modern day Leñ-ṱef or Ebed-dowa) or the area around the Little Ivulit (today southern Leñ-ṱef, Līnajaiṭa, or southern Qualdomailor). From there, the Lahob peoples mainly expanded northwards, up to the taiga of northern Márusúturon, except for a few tribes (notably the Ur-Chlouvānem) who migrated southeastwards, into the Nīmbaṇḍhāra-Lāmberah plain. In most of this area, however, Lahob languages were replaced by the later spread first of Samaidulic and then of Kenengyry languages, so that practically all non-Chlouvānem Lahob languages are spoken in the Northern Márusúturonian taiga, along the Orcish Straits.<br/>
-The other two branches are spoken by groups that migrated southwards in prehistoric times:
+The Ur-Chlouvānem eventually settled in the far southern part of the Plains, where they intermixed with the local populations, forming a distinct ethnicity whose main connection with the other Lahob peoples is linguistic rather than genetic. Eventually the Chlouvānem language, one of only two attested ancient Lahob languages<ref>The other ancient Lahob language to be attested is Western Ancient Chlouvānem (or WAC), which is however extremely closely related to Chlouvānem so that many scholars consider them to be two divergent dialects of the same language; in fact, the two languages only diverged from Ur-Chlouvānem after the migration into the Plain, and they had varying degrees of mutual intelligibility while they were spoken first languages. WAC itself was replaced in official usage by Chlouvānem (albeit much more slowly than unrelated languages of other Chlouvānemized territories), and the present-day Southwestern Plain vernaculars, daughter languages of WAC, still use Classical Chlouvānem as their lingua franca.</ref>, became the liturgical language of the [[Verse:Yunyalīlta|Yunyalīlta]], which led it to be spread across all of Márusúturon and become, as of today, the most spoken language of the planet.
-* ''Šlokhowdeš'' is an isolate among the larger Lahob family, spoken in a hilly area in the Baran river basin in north-central Greater Evandor. Probably it is the only surviving language of a formerly larger branch.
-* ''Chlouvānem languages'' include [[Chlouvānem]] and all its descendants. Despite being by far the most spoken of the whole family and having the longest documented history, it took a long time to recognize the Lahob origin of Chlouvānem, due to many factors (including the long distance (some 10,000 km) from the Lahob homeland, the enormous lexical influence of other languages, the genetic difference between the Chlouvānem and other Lahob speakers (though mainly due to interbreeding with other peoples) and the fact all other Lahob languages have a very different morphology, changed in more than 5000 years; Chlouvānem is morphologically extremely close to Proto-Lahob).
-'''Proto-Lahob''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of all Lahob languages on the planet of Calémere. It was spoken about 5000 years before the present in the northern part of Evandor, along the coasts of the Orcish Straits - which today divide the "human" part of the continent from ''Gurdugal'', the "orcish" part.<br/>
+By number of native speakers, they are the second-largest on the planet (just slightly behind the mostly Védrenian [[Yombu-Raina languages]]), however the vast majority of Lahob speakers speak a language belonging to the Chlouvānem branch.<br/>
-Among Calémerian linguists, Proto-Lahob morphology is very difficult to reconstruct, as all branches apart from Chlouvānem have only been studied in the last century and have morphological traits very different from Chlouvānem, and have all undergone radical changes in nominal and verbal morphology (it is however interesting to note that some Chlouvānem daughter languages have progressed independently in a similar way); vocabulary and especially phonology are however much better understood.
+Excluding Chlouvānem (and its daughter languages) with more than 1,9 billion speakers, the other Lahob languages are fairly small by number of speakers, with less than 100,000 speakers collectively: Nordûlaki is the only official language<ref>Under Mersefênyi laws, municipalities can declare another language as co-official in their territory; however, most of the Lahob-speaking villages are census places in unincorporated territories. Despite this, the Region of East Koitrûx has declared Yełeshian Lawo as a "language of regional importance", the only Lahob language other than Chlouvānem to be officially recognized anywhere on Calémere.</ref>, and the main lingua franca, across the area (except for the areas in Soenjŏ-tave), and in the most densely populated areas the vast majority of people are Nordûlaki-speaking descendants of Evandorian colonists. Lahob speakers are mostly clustered in a few villages, rarely exceeding a thousand inhabitants. Central Lahobic and Nayzehenyn are the most spoken among these branches, with the three most spoken languages being, in order, Yełeshian Lawo, Łohof-aðá, and Nahawi.<br/>The situation in the Chlouvānem-speaking areas is almost the reverse, as it is the Dachsprache everywhere across the [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|Chlouvānem Inquisition]], in a state of diglossia with thousands of local vernaculars which are either descendants of Chlouvānem itself, Chlouvānem-based creoles, or totally unrelated languages.
-The name of the language family - properly spelled '''Łaȟoḇ''' in Łaȟoḇszer, and pronounced [ɬaˈχɔβ] is a reflex of the Proto-Lahob word *ɬakʰober, meaning "people", which it is one of two roots normally used in forming ethnonyms - the other being *wānəme "tribe, group, horde". These two roots are reflexed in almost all languages, and in many ethnonyms:
+==Name==
-* *ɬakʰober as ethnonym for e.g. the Łaȟoḇ (''Łaȟoḇszer'' means "Łaȟoḇ language"), Łokow, Lawo, Šlokhow; also reflexed as e.g. ''tlekweˤ'' in Coastal Tlengast, ''tlokweʁ'' in Hilly Tlengast (both "family"), ''chlåkhmeh'' (tribe) in Chlouvānem;
+The Lahob languages have a few competing names, all ultimately derived from Lahob proper:
-* *wānəme as ethnonym for e.g. the Bänme, Woŋom, Baan, and the -vānem part in Chlouvānem; also as e.g. ''onom'' (group) in Łaȟoḇszer and ''womme'' (village) in Šlokhowdeš.
+* ''Lahob'', ''Lahou'', or ''Lahobic'' all derive from the ethnonym ''Łaȟoḇ'' [ɬaˈχɔβ] in Łaȟobarir, through [[Nordulaki]] ''Lahou'' [laˈhɔʊ̯]; the ultimate origin is Proto-Lahob *ɬakʰober, which is the common self-designation for many Lahob peoples (e.g. Łohof, Łogawe, Łokow, Łoku, Tɬow).
+* ''Neshlenkentian'' derives from Łogawe ''nä łenkänt'', meaning either "our family" or "we are a family"; ''łenkänt'' is ultimately connected to Proto-Lahob *liŋkajnet, the root for "family" in many non-Chlouvānem Lahob languages.
+* ''Lahob-Imuniguronian'' is an outdated term which was common when the relationship between the Core Lahob languages and Chlouvānem hadn't been proved yet; as acceptance of the theory grew, the term Lahob-Imuniguronian was replaced by the simpler Lahob, that had been used for the Core Lahob languages until then. "Imuniguronian" is the English adaptation of ''imúnigúronen'', the [[Cerian]] term (common to most Western languages) for "Chlouvānem".
-Names for the proto-language and for the language family in Lahob languages are almost non-existant apart from Chlouvānem, as most of them are native languages of traditional populations (a substantial number being hunter-gatherers), and calques from Western languages (mainly Gathura) are used; in Chlouvānem the family is called ''Lahūbumi dældai'' and Proto-Lahob is ''Olahūbumi dældā'' — the term ''Lahūbai'' for the Lahob people being a borrowing from Cerian ''Lahóbe''.
+Chlouvānem linguists have largely adopted the Nordûlaki term ''Lahou'' as the ethnonym for all Lahob peoples in the form ''lahāvai''; however, the whole of the language family is most often referred to as ''hūlisakhāni dhāḍai'', after the mythological ancestral land of Hūlisakhāna mentioned in early Chlouvānem literature. Curiously, the legend of Hūlisakhāna was probably non-Lahob in origin and the term is most likely not of Lahob origin too.<br/>The form ''lahāvumi dhāḍai'' (or the rarer ''lahau ga dhāḍai'') usually refers to what is known as Northern Lahob, Core Lahob, or Lahob proper in Western linguistics, however recently (and especially in Chlouvānem-language papers written by linguists from Qualdomailor, Brono, or the Kenengyry area) some linguists have begun using it for the whole family. Somewhat confusingly, ''kēhamyuñci lahāvumi dhāḍai'', an exact translation of "Northern Lahob languages", is typically used for the Nayzehenyn languages only.
+===Ethnonyms===
+It is notable how the vast majority of Lahob peoples have ethnonyms based on two single Proto-Lahob roots, which however are still present in some way in nearly all languages of the family, *ɬakʰober (people) and *wānəme (horde, tribe, group):
+* *ɬakʰober as ethnonym for e.g. the Łaȟob, Łohof, Łokow, Łogawe, Tɬow, Nahawi; also reflexed as e.g. ''tɬawpe'' in Bɔni, ''tłɔwr'' in Waam (both "family"), ''şakȯf '' (house, home) in Kȯtıme Qoşazırme, or ''chlågbhah'' (tribe) in Chlouvānem;
+* *wānəme as ethnonym for e.g. the Aem, Bɔni, Wonum, Waam, Bāmn, the ''-vānem'' part in Chlouvānem (''chlǣvānem'' originally meant "Golden Horde"), and the ''-wan'' in Minwan (''min wan'' meaning "our folk"); also reflected as e.g. ''wang'' (group) in Łohof-aðá and ''womme'' (village) in Tɬow.
 ==Common characteristics==
-Due to the presence of Chlouvānem languages and, to a lesser extent, Šlokhowdeš, all highly divergent, it is difficult to point out features common to all Lahob languages. Some notable ones are:
+[[File:Lahob languages.png|thumb|Distribution of the Lahob branches in their home continent of Márusúturon.]]
-* Proto-Lahob had a complex morphosyntactic alignment based on triggers, and this situation is exactly as in classical Chlouvānem and - with a few less voices - in its daughter languages, as well as in the Pwaɬasd-Ngos branch. Other Lahob languages have evolved this system into a typical ergative/absolutive alignment, though many languages maintain various "locative verbs" derived from the old locative-trigger voice.
+It is difficult to point out general characteristics common to all Lahob languages because of the high divergence between the Core Lahob ones and the Chlouvānem branch. General traits are:
-* Unmarked SOV word order (with S meaning what concords with the verb, at least where verbs conjugate for person) is common to all Lahob languages except Šlokhowdeš and the Woŋom-Baan branch (all predominantly SVO).
+* A complex morphosyntactic alignment based on triggers, present with seven triggers in Proto-Lahob and retained with no change in classical Chlouvānem, and varyingly modified in other languages, typically with a few less voices (among modern languages, the only ones that retain the full set of triggers are some Southern Chlouvānem languages, notably including the Hālyanēṃṣi vernacular). The most typical trigger system surviving among Core Lahob languages is patient-agent-locative(-instrumental).
-* Location is expressed in all Lahob languages by means of numerous verbs with prefixes changing to convey the sense of different English prepositions.
+* Unmarked SOV word order (with S being the direct-case argument selected by the trigger) and consistently head-final. A change to SVO has however taken place in the central Core Lahob area (i.e. all Łogawenek languages, most Central Lahobic ones, and a few Nayzehenyn ones) and, independently, in the Near Eastern Chlouvānem languages.
-* Most Lahob languages treat verbs as a mostly closed verb class, with only a few basic verbs (usually from 10 to 30) used as compounds with other verbs or nominal roots; in languages where derivation is possible, verbs can usually only be derived from other verbs, and the only possible derived forms are usually causatives or applicatives. Chlouvānem is the main exception, though this use is common in many of its daughter languages and sometimes spreads back into colloquial Chlouvānem (e.g. ''pāṭṭaruke'' (to study) vs. ''pāṭṭaru-dṛke'' (lit. "study-do")).
+* All Lahob languages express location by means of numerous verbs with changing prefixes in order to convey the sense of different English prepositions; motion verbs have two series of these prefixes, one lative and one ablative.
-* Except for the Chlouvānem branch, Lahob languages all have very small case systems (absolutive and ergative, rarely dative) if they exist at all; they rely on a large number of adpositions instead. This is a major contrast to Proto-Lahob, which is reconstructed with eleven cases (just like classical Chlouvānem).
+* Verbs are typically a closed class: most Lahob languages have a very small set of verbs in common use, and use many of those as light verbs with other roots in order to form newer meanings; verbs can typically only be formed by other verbs, and only with causative, applicative, or frequentative meanings. Chlouvānem is a partial exception, because while sharing the same restrictions to forming new verbs it has some hundreds of verb roots in common use. Some vernaculars, particularly the Jade Coastal ones, however, have developed on their own traits closer to other Lahob languages, particularly the heavy use of light verbs.
+The following traits are widely found across most Core Lahob languages (which share many grammatical features), but not in Chlouvānem ones:
+* A relatively small phonemic inventory, averaging around 15 consonants (all pulmonic) and 5 vowels (all oral). Tone is not phonemic.
+* Small case systems (if they have case at all), with rarely more than three cases.
+** In all Lahob languages that have it (incl. Chlouvānem ones), the dative doubles as a lative case.
+<!-- ===Numeral system===
+All Lahob languages have a purely duodecimal number system, and it is one of only a few human language families on Calémere to use that. It has been hypothesized that the duodecimal system was an influence from the Orcs, as Orcs in both hemispheres all have duodecimal number systems and all human language families with non-borrowed duodecimal systems have a current or proto-homeland near Orcish populations.<br/>
+Lahob languages have also been unique in spreading duodecimal systems: in the West, northern dialects of Gathura have a system of duodecimal numerals (up to 48<sub>10</sub> (40<sub>12</sub>)) coexisting with their native decimal ones, most probably because of early Gathura explorers and settlers of the far northern lands adopting this in order to better trade with indigenous Lahob-speaking tribes. In the East, Brono-Fathanic, and Gorjonur dialects of [[Skyrdagor]], as well as the Bazá dialects spoken in Chlouvānem areas, all have a native decimal system and a duodecimal one borrowed from Chlouvānem. This has gone even further in regional vernaculars of [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|the Inquisition]], such as Hūnakañumi, which do not use their native (usually decimal or quinary) systems anymore, having substituted them with the duodecimal Chlouvānem system (all of these languages usually count with native numerals up to 5 or 10 and then use the Chlouvānem numerals). In [[Qualdomelic]], the primary system is also duodecimal - with a mixture of borrowed and native roots -, with the native decimal system being also only used in certain specific context, though not as much abandoned as in vernaculars of the Inquisition. -->
+==Proto-Lahob==
+===Phonology===
+====Consonants====
+Proto-Lahob's reconstructed phonemic inventory is almost universally agreed on by Calemerian linguists (apart from the phonemicity of *ŋʷ), with only some doubts about the realizations of certain phonemes. Its consonant inventory was the following:
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
+|-
+! colspan=2 | → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labials !! Dentals !! Palatals !! Velars !! Labiovelars !! Laryngeals
+|-
+! colspan=2 | Nasals
+| m || n || || ŋ || (ŋʷ) ||
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Stops !! <small>Unvoiced</small>
+| p pʰ || t̪ t̪ʰ || c cʰ || k kʰ || kʷ kʷʰ ||
+|-
+! <small>Voiced</small>
+| b bʱ || d̪ d̪ʱ || ɟ ɟʱ || g gʱ || gʷ gʷʱ ||
+|-
+! colspan=2 | Fricatives
+| f v || s ɬ || š || x ɣ ||  || h ʕ
+|-
+! colspan=2 | Approximants
+| || r l || j || || w ||
+|}
+The exact quality of the reconstructed phonemes '''*š''' and '''*ʕ''' is unclear. For ''*š'', the various theories are about substantially close phones such as [ʃ ʂ ɕ] or even [ç]. ''*ʕ'' is much more problematic. In most Lahob languages, this phoneme is only shown by its effect on neighboring vowels, which is different depending on the language but it always backs the vowel, lowers it, or does both. Chlouvānem is the exception as it directly reflects it, without any change in vowel quality, as its infamous /ɴ̆/ phoneme, whose extremely high occurrence is due to Proto-Lahob *ʕ, *l, (often) *ɬ, and *ŋ having all merged into it. As, however, other Lahob languages have a backed or lowered vowel, but never a nasalized one in the contexts where *ʕ is reconstructed, Calemerian linguists think that the Chlouvānem phoneme being nasal is a post-Proto-Lahob development.
+====Vowels====
+Proto-Lahob's vowel inventory, on the other hand, is fairly simple, with five pairs of long and short vowels - /a aː e eː o oː i iː u uː/ - plus the two vowels /ɨ ə/. The non-high vowels could also form diphthongs with /ɨ̯ ɪ̯ ʊ̯/, while /i iː/ only could with /ʊ̯/ and /u uː/ only with /ɪ̯/.
+====Sound correspondences in daughter languages====
+The following table lists the general reflexes of Proto-Lahob phonemes in the major attested Lahob languages. For sake of brevity, different outcomes caused by splits in earlier times of the language are not noted (e.g. *d having different outcomes in Yełeshian Lawo due to original intervocalic *d being ''n'' and secondary intervocalic *d (post-Proto-Nayzehenyn) being ''r''):
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Proto-Lahob !! rowspan=2 | [[Chlouvānem]] !! colspan=2 | Nayzehenyn !! colspan=2 | Central Lahobic
+|-
+! Yełeshian Lawo !! Shershan Lawo !! Łohofál !! Sulutamilian Minwan
+|-
+! *p
+| p || p || p || f || f
+|-
+! *pʰ
+| ħ || h, kp<small><sup>1</sup></small> || h, kp<small><sup>1</sup></small> || f, kp<small><sup>1</sup></small> || f, kp<small><sup>1</sup></small>
+|-
+! *b
+| b || b, w || b, w || p, f || p
+|-
+! *bʱ
+| bh || w, gb<small><sup>1</sup></small> || w, gb<small><sup>1</sup></small> || p, f, gb<small><sup>1</sup></small> || p, gb<small><sup>1</sup></small>
+|-
+! *t
+| t, ṭ<small><sup>2</sup></small> || t || t || t || t, s
+|-
+! *tʰ
+| th, ṭh<small><sup>2</sup></small> || n || y || s || s, t
+|-
+! *d
+| d, ḍ<small><sup>2</sup></small> || d, r, n || d, y || rowspan=2 | d, ð || rowspan=2 | d, n, r
+|-
+! *dʱ
+| dh, ḍh<small><sup>2</sup></small> || n || y
+|-
+! *c
+| c || č, š || č, š || rowspan=2 | s || rowspan=2 | s, t
+|-
+! *cʰ
+| ch || š || š
+|-
+! *ɟ
+| j || rowspan=2 | ž || dž, ž || rowspan=2 | d, ð || rowspan=2 | d, n, r
+|-
+! *ɟʱ
+| jh || ž
+|-
+! *k
+| k, c<small><sup>3</sup></small> || k, q<small><sup>2</sup></small> || k || rowspan=2 | k, r, ȟ || rowspan=2 | k, l, s
+|-
+! *kʰ
+| kh, ch<small><sup>3</sup></small> || ħ, ∅ || ħ, h
+|-
+! *ɡ
+| g, j<small><sup>3</sup></small> || g, ∅ || g, h || rowspan=2 | k, ð, ȟ, ∅ || rowspan=2 | k, n, s, ∅
+|-
+! *ɡʱ
+| gh, jh<small><sup>3</sup></small> || ħ, ∅ || ħ, h
+|-
+! *kʷ
+| ɂ || rowspan=2 | kp || rowspan=2 | kp || rowspan=2 | kp || rowspan=2 | kp
+|-
+! *kʷʰ
+| ph
+|-
+! *ɡʷ
+| ɂ || rowspan=2 | gb || rowspan=2 | gb || rowspan=2 | gb || rowspan=2 | gb
+|-
+! *ɡʷʱ
+| bh
+|-
+! *x
+| h, V̤<small><sup>4</sup></small>, V̤k<small><sup>5</sup></small> || k<small><sup>1</sup></small>, ∅, š || k<small><sup>1</sup></small>, ∅, š || rowspan=2 | ∅, l<small><sup>1</sup></small> || rowspan=3 | ∅
+|-
+! *ɣ
+| h, V̤<small><sup>4</sup></small>, V̤g<small><sup>5</sup></small> || k<small><sup>1</sup></small>, ∅, ž || k<small><sup>1</sup></small>, ∅, ž, h
+|-
+! *h
+| h, V̤<small><sup>4</sup></small> || h, ħ || ħ, h || ∅
+|-
+! *f
+| p || h || h || f || f
+|-
+! *w
+| v || w, ∅ || w, ∅ || w || w
+|-
+! *s
+| s, š<small><sup>3</sup></small> || rowspan=2 | s, ∅<small><sup>6</sup></small> || rowspan=2 | s, ∅<small><sup>6</sup></small> || rowspan=3 | ∅ || rowspan=3 | ∅
+|-
+! *š
+| ṣ, ∅<small><sup>7</sup></small>
+|-
+! *[z]
+| Vː<small><sup>8</sup></small>, ∅<small><sup>9</sup></small> || z || z
+|-
+! *r
+| r, h<small><sup>6</sup></small>, l || r, ∅ || y, ∅ || l, ∅<small><sup>1, 10</sup></small> || l, ∅<small><sup>1, 10</sup></small>
+|-
+! *l
+| l || ł || ł || rowspan=2 | ł || ł
+|-
+! *ɬ
+| l, chl<small><sup>1</sup></small> || tł || tł || tł
+|}
+Table notes:
+# Word-initially.
+# Usually through assimilation of a following *r.
+# When followed by *j.
+# In coda.
+# Intervocalic.
+# Word-finally.
+# Word-initially when followed by *j.
+# Before voiced consonants.
+# Adjacent to *d or *dʱ (resulting in ''ḍ'', ''ḍh'' respectively).
+# Before stops.
+===Morphology===
+====First declension====
+First declension nouns are those also known as *-s nouns, and distinguished four types of stems: o-stems, u-stems, i-stems, and *n-stems (cf. Chlouvānem s-nouns in -as, -us, -is, -oe). Here follows the declension of first declension nouns with a comparison in Chlouvānem and Yełeshian Lawo (a Nayzehenyn language), which only keeps this declension as a relic in a few nouns - not the root *frātos "wind" but, as in the table, *gistoros "young" (> Proto-Nayzehenyn *yestor > ''ehtu'', cf. Chl. ''giṣṭaras'').
+Note that Yełeshian Lawo, and all Nayzehenyn languages anyway, keeps the original instrumental plural suffix as an adverb-forming suffix, e.g. ''ehtuwenik'' "in the way of a young person". This use of the instrumental plural is considered a Proto-Lahob feature, as it is still found in most other branches, and is also common in Archaic and Early Classical Chlouvānem texts.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! rowspan=3 | !! colspan=3 | Proto-Lahob !! colspan=3 | Chlouvānem !! colspan=2 | Yełeshian Lawo
+|-
+! colspan=9 | o-stems
+|-
+! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+! Direct<ref>Absolutive in Woŋom.</ref>
+| *frāt-os || rowspan=2 | *frāt-ant || rowspan=2 | *frāt-aj || prātas || rowspan=2 | prātāt || rowspan=2 | prāte || ehtu || ehtuwe
+|-
+! Vocative
+| *frāt-āw || prātau || rowspan=3 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Accusative
+| *frāt-u || *frāt-asuj || *frāt-ajir || prātu || prātāṣa || prātaih
+|-
+! Ergative
+| *frāt-ej || *frāt-ōjo || *frāt-ōn || prātei || prātāya || prātān
+|-
+! Genitive
+| *frāt-i || *frāt-ajwo || *frāt-umi || prāti || prāteva || prātumi || ehtuy || ehtum
+|-
+! Instrumental
+| *frāt-op || rowspan=3 | *frāt-ōbʱan || *frāt-ajnīko || prātap || rowspan=3 | prātābhan || prātenīka || || ehtuwenik
+|-
+! Exessive
+| *frāt-ot || *frāt-ōmōn || prātat || prātāmān || rowspan=3 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Ablative
+| *frāt-ux || *frāt-ajnits || prātų || prātenīs
+|-
+! Translative
+| *frāt-on || rowspan=2 | *frāt-oguš || *frāt-ijawr || prātan || rowspan=2 | prātaus || prātyoh
+|-
+! Dative
+| *frāt-awm || *frāt-osām || prātom || prātasām || ehtowe || ehtuswe
+|-
+! Essive
+| *frāt-ox || rowspan=2 | *frāt-iŋgin || *frāt-egem || prātą || rowspan=2 | prātigin || prātēm || rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Locative
+| *frāt-e || *frāt-iʕīm || prāte || prātilīm
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=9 | u-stems
+|-
+! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+! Direct
+| *kewʕəd-u-s || rowspan=2 | *kewʕəd-u-nt || rowspan=2 | *kewʕəd-āw-s || kældus || rowspan=2 | kældūt || rowspan=2 | kældaus || koru || korwe
+|-
+! Vocative
+| *kewʕəd-u || kældu || rowspan=3 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Accusative
+| *kewʕəd-aw-u || *kewʕəd-u-suj || *kewʕəd-aw-ir || kældavu || kældūṣa || kældavih
+|-
+! Ergative
+| *kewʕəd-aw-e(j) || *kewʕəd-ū-jo || *kewʕəd-ū-n || kældave || kældūya || kældūn
+|-
+! Genitive
+| *kewʕəd-aw-i || *kewʕəd-owwo || *kewʕəd-owmi || kældavi || kældagva || kældǣmi || korwe || korum
+|-
+! Instrumental
+| *kewʕəd-u-p || rowspan=3 | *kewʕəd-aw-bʱan || *kewʕəd-u-nīko || kældup || rowspan=3 | kældobhan || kældunīka || || korunik
+|-
+! Exessive
+| *kewʕəd-u-t || *kewʕəd-aw-mōn || kældut || kældomān || rowspan=3 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Ablative
+| *kewʕəd-u-ux || *kewʕəd-u-nits || kældų || kældunīs
+|-
+! Translative
+| *kewʕəd-u-n || rowspan=2 | *kewʕəd-u-guš || *kewʕəd-u-jawr || kældun || rowspan=2 | kældugus || kælduyoh
+|-
+! Dative
+| *kewʕəd-aw-awm || *kewʕəd-u-sām || kældavom || kældusām || korwe || koruswe
+|-
+! Essive
+| *kewʕəd-aw-x || rowspan=2 | *kewʕəd-u-ŋgin || *kewʕəd-aw-egem || kældą || rowspan=2 | kældugin || kældavēm || rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Locative
+| *kewʕəd-aw-e || *kewʕəd-u-ʕīm || kældave || kældulīm
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=9 | i-stems
+|-
+! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+! Direct
+| *əskutr-i-s || rowspan=2 | *əskutr-i-nt || rowspan=2 | *əskutr-āj-s || skuṭis || rowspan=2 | skuṭīt || rowspan=2 | skuṭais || kutłi || kutłe
+|-
+! Vocative
+| *əskutr-i || skuṭi || rowspan=3 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Accusative
+| *əskutr-aj-u || *əskutr-i-suj || *əskutr-aj-ir || skuṭayu || skuṭīṣa || skuṭaih
+|-
+! Ergative
+| *əskutr-aj-e(j) || *əskutr-ī-jo || *əskutr-ī-n || skuṭaye || skuṭīya || skuṭīn
+|-
+! Genitive
+| *əskutr-aj-i || *əskutr-ojjo || *əskutr-j-umi || skuṭayi || skuṭajña || skuṭyumi || kutłey || kutłim
+|-
+! Instrumental
+| *əskutr-i-p || rowspan=3 | *əskutr-aj-bʱan || *əskutr-i-nīko || skuṭip || rowspan=3 | skuṭebhan || skuṭinīka || || kutłinik
+|-
+! Exessive
+| *əskutr-i-t || *əskutr-aj-mōn || skuṭit || skuṭemān || rowspan=3 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Ablative
+| *əskutr-j-ux || *əskutr-i-nits || skuṭyų || skuṭinīs
+|-
+! Translative
+| *əskutr-i-n || rowspan=2 | *əskutr-i-guš || *əskutr-i-jawr || skuṭin || rowspan=2 | skuṭigus || skuṭyoh
+|-
+! Dative
+| *əskutr-aj-awm || *əskutr-i-sām || skuṭayom || skuṭisām || kutłewe || kutłiswe
+|-
+! Essive
+| *əskutr-aj-x || rowspan=2 | *əskutr-i-ŋgin || *əskutr-aj-egem || skuṭę || rowspan=2 | skuṭigin || skuṭayēm || rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Locative
+| *əskutr-aj-e || *əskutr-i-ʕīm || skuṭaye || skuṭilīm
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=9 | n-stems
+|-
+! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+! Direct
+| rowspan=2 | *hoʕ-õ || rowspan=2 | *hoʕ-en-ant || rowspan=2 | *hoʕ-en-ī || rowspan=2 | haloe || rowspan=2 | halenāt || rowspan=2 | halenī ||  ||
+|-
+! Vocative
+| rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Accusative
+| *hoʕ-en-u || *hoʕ-en-asuj || *hoʕ-en-ajir || halenu || halenāṣa || halenaih
+|-
+! Ergative
+| *hoʕ-en-ej || *hoʕ-en-ōjo || *hoʕ-en-ōn || halenei || halenāya || halenān || rowspan=2 | ||
+|-
+! Genitive
+| *hoʕ-en-jes || *hoʕ-en-wo || *hoʕ-õ-mi || halenies || halemva || haloemi ||
+|-
+! Instrumental
+| *hoʕ-en-op || rowspan=3 | *hoʕ-õ-bʱan || *hoʕ-õ-nīko || halenap || rowspan=3 | haloebhan || haloenīka || rowspan=4 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Exessive
+| *hoʕ-en-ot || *hoʕ-õ-mōn || halenat || haloemān
+|-
+! Ablative
+| *hoʕ-en-ux || *hoʕ-õ-nits || halenų || haloenīs
+|-
+! Translative
+| *hoʕ-en-on || rowspan=2 | *hoʕ-en-oguš || *hoʕ-en-ijawr || halenan || rowspan=2 | halenaus || halenyoh
+|-
+! Dative
+| *hoʕ-en-awm || *hoʕ-õ-sām || halenom || haloesām ||  ||
+|-
+! Essive
+| *hoʕ-en-î(x) || rowspan=2 | *hoʕ-õ-gin || *hoʕ-õ-gem || halen || rowspan=2 | haloegin || haloem || rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Locative
+| *hoʕ-en-je || *hoʕ-en-iʕīm || halenie || halenilīm
+|}
+====Second declension====
+Second declension nouns are those that end in -m (except for -āj nouns), and also have three different possible stems: o-stems, u-stems, and i-stems. Here follows the declension of first declension nouns with a comparison in Chlouvānem, Yełeshian Lawo, and Tundra Pwaɬasd.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! rowspan=3 | !! colspan=3 | Proto-Lahob !! colspan=3 | Chlouvānem !! colspan=2 | Yełeshian Lawo !! colspan=2 | Łahoḇarir
+|-
+! colspan=11 | o-stems
+|-
+! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+! Direct
+| *juɟ-om || rowspan=2 | *juɟ-iwā || rowspan=2 | *juɟ-om-k || yujam || rowspan=2 | yujivā || rowspan=2 | yujāk || yiž || yižuk || sur || susung
+|-
+! Vocative
+| *juɟ-e || yuje || rowspan=3 colspan=2 | || rowspan=3 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Accusative
+| *juɟ-om-u || *juɟ-m-es || *juɟ-m-ajir || yujamu || yujmes || yujmaih
+|-
+! Ergative
+| *juɟ-m-ego || *juɟ-m-ēn || *juɟ-ōm-ūn || yujmæ || yujmian || yujāmūn
+|-
+! Genitive
+| *juɟ-om-i || *juɟ-m-ajwo || *juɟ-om-nān || yujami || yujmeva || yujaṃrān || yižom || yižonwe || susome || susunä
+|-
+! Instrumental
+| *juɟ-om-op || rowspan=3 | *juɟ-o-bʱan || *juɟ-om-nīko || yujamap || rowspan=3 | yujabhan || yujaṃrīka || || yižonik || rowspan=4 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Exessive
+| *juɟ-om-ot || *juɟ-o-mōn || yujamat || yujamān || rowspan=3 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Ablative
+| *juɟ-om-ux || *juɟ-m-ajnits || yujamų || yujmenīs
+|-
+! Translative
+| *juɟ-om-on || rowspan=2 | *juɟ-m-ix || *juɟ-m-ent || yujaman || rowspan=2 | yujmį || yujmēt
+|-
+! Dative
+| *juɟ-om-awm || *juɟ-om-sām || yujamom || yujaṃsām || yižom̃e || yižuže || susumaw || sususä
+|-
+! Essive
+| *juɟ-om-x || rowspan=2 | *juɟ-m-enne || *juɟ-m-egem || yujmą || rowspan=2 | yujmenne || yujmēm || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Locative
+| *juɟ-om-n(j)aj || *juɟ-m-iʕīm || yujaṃrye || yujmilīm
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=11 | u-stems
+|-
+! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+! Direct
+| *tūl-u-m || rowspan=2 | *tūl-w-iwā || rowspan=2 | *tūl-um-k || tūlum || rowspan=2 | tūlvivā || rowspan=2 | tūlūk || || || tuł || tułung
+|-
+! Vocative
+| *tūl-w-e || tūlve || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || rowspan=3 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Accusative
+| *tūl-u-m-u || *tūl-w-es || *tūl-u-jir || tūlumu || tūlves || tūluyih
+|-
+! Ergative
+| *tūl-u-go || *tūl-w-ēn || *tūl-u-m-ūn || tūluga || tūlvyan || tūlumūn || rowspan=2 | ||
+|-
+! Genitive
+| *tūl-u-m-i || *tūl-w-ajwo || *tūl-u-m-nān || tūlumi || tūlveva || tūluṃrān || || tułume || tułunä
+|-
+! Instrumental
+| *tūl-u-m-op || rowspan=3 | *tūl-u-bʱan || *tūl-um-nīko || tūlumap || rowspan=3 | tūlubhan || tūluṃrīka || rowspan=4 colspan=2 | || rowspan=4 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Exessive
+| *tūl-u-m-ot || *tūl-u-mōn || tūlumat || tūlumān
+|-
+! Ablative
+| *tūl-u-m-ux || *tūl-w-ajnits || tūlumų || tūlvenīs
+|-
+! Translative
+| *tūl-u-m-on || rowspan=2 | *tūl-w-ix || *tūl-u-nt || tūluman || rowspan=2 | tūlvį || tūlūt
+|-
+! Dative
+| *tūl-u-m-awm || *tūl-u-m-sām || tūlumom || tūluṃsām || || || tułumaw || tułusä
+|-
+! Essive
+| *tūl-u-m-x || rowspan=2 | *tūl-u-nne || *tūl-u-gem || tūlų || rowspan=2 | tūlunne || tūlugem || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
+|-
+! Locative
+| *tūl-u-m-n(j)aj || *tūl-u-ʕīm || tūluṃrye || tūlulīm
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=11 | i-stems
+|-
+! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+! Direct
+| *sgāt-i-m || rowspan=2 | *sgāt-i-iwā || rowspan=2 | *sgāt-im-k || ṛgātim || rowspan=2 | ṛgātīvā || rowspan=2 | ṛgātīk || || || ||
+|-
+! Vocative
+| *sgāt-j-e || ṛgātie || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || ||
+|-
+! Accusative
+| *sgāt-i-m-u || *sgāt-j-es || *sgāt-i-jir || ṛgātimu || ṛgāties || ṛgātīh || ||
+|-
+! Ergative
+| *sgāt-i-go || *sgāt-j-ēn || *sgāt-i-m-ūn || ṛgātya || ṛgātiyan || ṛgātimūn || rowspan=2 | || || ||
+|-
+! Genitive
+| *sgāt-i-m-i || *sgāt-j-ajwo || *sgāt-i-m-nān || ṛgātimi || ṛgātieva || ṛgātiṃrān || || ||
+|-
+! Instrumental
+| *sgāt-i-m-op || rowspan=3 | *sgāt-i-bʱan || *sgāt-im-nīko || ṛgātimap || rowspan=3 | ṛgātibhan || ṛgātiṃrīka || rowspan=4 colspan=2 | || ||
+|-
+! Exessive
+| *sgāt-i-m-ot || *sgāt-i-mōn || ṛgātimat || ṛgātimān || ||
+|-
+! Ablative
+| *sgāt-i-m-ux || *sgāt-j-ajnits || ṛgātimų || ṛgātienīs || ||
+|-
+! Translative
+| *sgāt-i-m-on || rowspan=2 | *sgāt-j-ix || *sgāt-i-nt || ṛgātiman || rowspan=2 | ṛgātį || ṛgātīt || ||
+|-
+! Dative
+| *sgāt-i-m-awm || *sgāt-i-m-sām || ṛgātimom || ṛgātiṃsām || ||  || ||
+|-
+! Essive
+| *sgāt-i-m-x || rowspan=2 | *sgāt-i-nne || *sgāt-i-gem || ṛgātį || rowspan=2 | ṛgātinne || ṛgātiem || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || ||
+|-
+! Locative
+| *sgāt-i-m-n(j)aj || *sgāt-i-ʕīm || ṛgātiṃrye || ṛgātilīm || ||
+|}
+====*-ōj declension====
+A class of nouns which ended in *-ōj in their direct case forms had a particular declension, with forms mostly taken from the first and the second declension but varying between the two. The essive and the locative singular are from the third.<br/>Chlouvānem, Yełeshian and Shershan Lawo, and Šlokhowdeš all have many remnants from this class (and in Chl. and Šlk. it is still productive), while other languages may keep the odd irregular noun (as the root used in the example, *gjun-ōj, meaning "foot").
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=3 | Proto-Lahob !! colspan=3 | Chlouvānem !! colspan=2 | Yeł. Lawo !! colspan=2 | Šlokhowdeš
+|-
+! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+! Direct and Vocative
+| *gjun-ōj || *gjun-ōj-wā || *gjun-ōj-aj || junai || junaivā || junāye || || || ||
+|-
+! Accusative
+| *gjun-ōj-u || *gjun-ōj-es || *gjun-ōj-ajir || junāyu || junāyes || junāyaih || ||
+|-
+! Ergative
+| *gjun-ōj-ej || *gjun-ōj-ēn || *gjun-ōj-ūn || junǣ || junāyēn || junāyūn || rowspan=2 | || || ||
+|-
+! Genitive
+| *gjun-ōj-i || *gjun-ōj-wo || *gjun-ōj-ān || junāyi || junaiva || junāyān || || ||
+|-
+! Instrumental
+| *gjun-ōj-p || rowspan=3 | *gjun-ōj-bʱan || *gjun-ōj-nīko || junaip || rowspan=3 | junaibhan || junainīka || rowspan=4 colspan=2 | || ||
+|-
+! Exessive
+| *gjun-ōj-t || *gjun-ōj-mōn || junait || junaimān || ||
+|-
+! Ablative
+| *gjun-ōj-ux || *gjun-ōj-ajnits || junāyų || junǣnīs || ||
+|-
+! Translative
+| *gjun-ōj-n || rowspan=2 | *gjun-ōj-ix || *gjun-ōj-ent || junain || rowspan=2 | junāyį || junāyēt || ||
+|-
+! Dative
+| *gjun-ōj-awm || *gjun-ōj-sām || junāyom || junaisām || ||  || ||
+|-
+! Essive
+| *gjun-ōj-xəs || rowspan=2 | *gjun-ōj-nne || *gjun-ōj-gem || junąis || rowspan=2 | junainne || junaigem || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || ||
+|-
+! Locative
+| *gjun-ōj-aj || *gjun-ōj-ʕīm || junāye || junailīm || ||
+|}
+<!-- ====Gender system====
+'''(NOT UP TO DATE)'''
+Proto-Lahob had probably four genders: how they were called is not known, but they mostly pattern with the ending sound: *-s nouns were the first class, *-m nouns the second, *-n nouns the third, and *-r, vowel nouns, and consonant ones (though often analyzable as *-ə) the last one. Each class had its own way of being pluralized: *-i for the s-class, *-je for the m-class, *-î for the n-class, and *-e for the r-class.<br/>
+The PLB genders are easily seen in many current-day Lahob languages, despite only Chlouvānem, Tundra Pwaɬasd, and Forest Pwaɬasd retaining a decent amount of nominal inflection:
+* Chlouvānem, as expected, reflects them all clearly: the PLB s-class is continued as the s-nouns, the m-class as m-ending ones (with -ye or -e plurals), the n-class as n-ending ones (with unmarked direct and vocative plural, but otherwise identical to m-ending ones), and vowel or h-nouns represent the r-class (PLB *r consistently became Chl. h word-finally).
+* The Pwaɬasd-Ngos languages merged the r- and s-classes as a single r-class (also including vowel nouns) and merged the m- and n- classes as a single nasal one.
+* The Central Lahobic languages, as well as Šlokhowdeš, do not distinguish gender anymore, but there are many plurals that show traces of this system (even though the original m-class ending, *-je, became generalized as the main plural ending in all of these languages, e.g. Łaȟ. ''von'', ''voni'' “hand, hands” < Proto-Central-Lahobic *ðɔn, *ðɔn-ye, but in PLB it was *dʱān-o, *dʱān-o-e — c.f. Chlouvānem ''dhāna'', ''dhānai'' and Tundra Pwaɬasd ''tuněr'', ''tunuy'' (< Proto-Pwaɬasd-Ngos *tʰoon-ʀ, *tʰoon-oj)), like Łaȟ. ''žonk'', ''žonke'' “man, men” (c.f. Tundra Pw. ''děɬkěr'', ''děɬkuy'' — note that Chl. changed this to an m-class noun for unknown reasons so it has ''dralkam'', ''dralkye'' instead of the expected *dralkē, *dralkai).
+* The Tlengastic languages distinguish an n-class which continues the PLB m-class, while the other three have been merged in a single class (with most words being consonant-final).
+* The Woŋom-Baan languages have the same n-class derived from the PLB m-class as the Tlengastic languages, but the other one was split between vowel-final words (mostly continuing the vowel-final nouns of the PLB r-class) and consonant-final words; inflections for the consonant-final class continue the PLB s-class, those of the vowel-final class the PLB r-class. -->
+====Pronouns====
+Only the first- and second-person pronouns are reliably reconstructible in Proto-Lahob; it probably did not have common third person pronouns nor those differing in formality (which are found in Chlouvānem, most of its descendants, and, in a different way, in many Kenaywanic languages) - the pronoun declension was apparently marginally productive and terms which were used as pronouns were sometimes analogically added to it — first of all, the development of Chlouvānem's 2SG formal equal pronoun ''tami'' starting from the Lällshag borrowing ''tame'' can be seen in texts from the early centuries of the Second Era; also using nouns instead of pronouns is not uncommon among Lahob languages, as do, without a change in declension, contemporary Chlouvānem, most of its descendants, as well as some Tłašnelek languages.
+Like most modern Lahob languages - Chlouvānem is, this time, the exception - the Proto-Lahob second person pronouns distinguished natural gender both in the singular and in the plural; while all plural pronouns have vanished from Chlouvānem (though the 2PL feminine one's direct and genitive cases only are attested in Archaic Chlouvānem), the feminine singular is reflected as the formal superior and the masculine singular as the formal inferior. Some Kenaywanic languages, as e.g. Łōpian, have also simplified the system by only retaining the originally masculine forms.<br/>
+The dual forms may not be reliably reconstructed (as anywhere in Proto-Lahob morphology) because Chlouvānem is the only attested Lahob language with a dual form (excluding a few of its daughter languages, as well as closely related Western Ancient Chlouvānem).
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Proto-Lahob !! rowspan=2 | [[Chlouvānem]] !! colspan=4 | Central Lahobic !! colspan=4 | Nayzehenyn !! colspan=4 | Łogawenek !! colspan=2 | Kenaywanic !! colspan=2 | Tłašnelek
+|-
+! Proto-CL !! Łohofál !! Sulutamilian<br/>Minwan !! Łokudár !! Proto-N. !! Yełeshian Lawo !! Shershan Lawo !! Nahawi !! Proto-Ł. !! Łaȟoḇaror !! Łogawe !! Aem !! Proto-K. !! Łōpian !! Proto-T. !! Kpunnuan<br/>Tłašnelek
+|-
+! *ʕiŋi, *ʕ- "I"
+| lili || ''*oŋi'' || ngi || oni || oni || ''*eŋ͡mi'' || em̃e || em̃ || im̃ || ''*eŋ'' || eng || en || eng || ''*emʲe'' || emь || ''*oŋ͡mi'' || oŋmi
+|-
+! *rowi, *r- "you (masculine sg)"
+| ravi || ''*rōy'' || loy || loa || roy || ''*roy'' || rwe || ya || rē || ''*ruy'' || yuy || ruy || ruy || ''*rᵞovʲi'' || rъey || ''*law'' || naw
+|-
+! *nomi, *nəj- "you (feminine sg)"
+| nami || ''*noy'' || no || noa || noy || ''*nay'' || ney || nē || nē || ''*nɔm'' || no || na || nwŏ || ''*nome'' || — || ''*nami'' || nai
+|-
+! *muxmō~mexjō, *mux-/*me- "we"
+| — || ''*muma'' || mun || mum || mun || ''*mɛy'' || me || mē || mē || ''*mɛn'' || nän || nä || mye || ''*mᵞen'' || mъen || ''*moȟō'' || mohu
+|-
+! *korin, *kro-/*koj- "you (masculine pl)"
+| — || ''*kōn'' || kon || kun || ku || ''*kran'' || qan || kan || qan || ''*kɔr'' || kon || kar || kwŏ || ''*korʲin'' || kerьn || ''*kōn'' || kuki
+|-
+! *nogin, *(ə)ŋg- "you (feminine pl)"
+| nagin || ''*olin'' || ðin || onen || thi || ''*nawn'' || non || nam̃ || nam̃ || ''*nɔk'' || — || nak || nwŏk || ''*nokin'' || — || ''*nokin'' || noki
+|}
+<!-- ====Verbs====
+Proto-Lahob had a verbal conjugation which was very similar to Classical Chlouvānem (with the reflexive *-ir- and the causative *-iʕd- affixes that are analyzed as "stem modifiers" instead of different types of endings - cf. Chlouvānem interior and causative forms). Most modern Lahob languages have retained only a small amount of verbs, often using them as light verbs by extending them with other nouns or else - cf. Łaȟoḇeyšer ''darek'' (to do<ref>Łaȟoḇeyšer, like most Lahob languages, has no infinitive - this form is actually 2SG and 3SG.</ref>), ''wašišan darek'' (to pay (< Gathura ''waxishan'' "money"), ''pov darek'' (to hunt (''pov'' "hunt" < PLB *podʱo)). Also, most Lahob languages have inverted the voices and the older *te affix for agent-trigger conjugation now marks the antipassive in the ergative/absolutive system of most Lahob languages (apart from Pwaɬasd-Ngos, Central Lahobic, and Chlouvānem).
+Here are the singular present and past forms of "to do" (PLB *dṛ-, *dar-) for patientive/unmarked and agentive/antipassive voices in Proto-Lahob, Łaȟoḇeyšer, Łokow, Yełeshian Lawo, Shershan Lawo (all Central Lahobic), Šlokhowdeš, and Chlouvānem. Instantly noticeable are the closeness of the PLB and the Chlouvānem forms, but the present forms are all recognizable with similar meanings; noteworthy is how Central Lahobic uses the voice affixes before the verb instead of after it (as in Chlouvānem in prefixed verbs). Note that Łaȟoḇeyšer and Šlokhowdeš have both generalized third persons at the expense of second persons:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! Proto-Lahob !! Łaȟoḇeyšer !! Łokow !! Yełeshian Lawo !! Shershan Lawo !! Šlokhowdeš !! Chlouvānem
+|-
+! colspan=7 | Present, patientive/unmarked
+|-
+! *daru
+| daru || tör || daru || daro || džaw || daru
+|-
+! *dari
+| — || tir || daž || dary || — || dari
+|-
+! *dareg
+| darek || tarik || dažing || dareŋ || džaẽ || darē
+|-
+! colspan=7 | Past, patientive/unmarked
+|-
+! *dṛāw
+| žô || truo || dao || drowo || džow || drau
+|-
+! *dṛōw
+| — || trüy || doye || droye || — || drei
+|-
+! *dṛk
+| žek || trek || dak || drak || džäk || dṛk
+|-
+! colspan=7 | Present, agentive/antipassive
+|-
+! *daru te
+| tidaru || chtör || tsəḏaru || sedaro || džawt || darute
+|-
+! *dari te
+| — || chtir || tsəḏaž || sedary || — || darite
+|-
+! *dareg te
+| tidarek || chtarik || tsəḏažing || sedareŋ || džiyẽt || daregde
+|-
+! colspan=7 | Past, agentive/antipassive
+|-
+! *dṛāw te
+| tižô || chtruo || tsəḏao || sedrowo || džo:t || draute
+|-
+! *dṛōw te
+| — || chtrüy || tsəḏoye || sedroye || — || dreite
+|-
+! *dṛk te
+| tižek || chtrek || tsəḏak || sedrak || džätt || dṛkte
+|}
+The example of a prefixed verb (here *ān-dṛ-, which is commonly used for "to build" in most languages) shows how Chlouvānem here partially agrees with Central Lahobic in putting the agentive affix before the stem; still, Central Lahobic puts the affix before all prefixes. Łokow is omitted as it does not reflect *ān-dṛ-.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! Proto-Lahob !! Łaȟoḇeyšer !! Yełeshian Lawo !! Shershan Lawo !! Šlokhowdeš !! Chlouvānem
+|-
+! colspan=6 | Patientive/unmarked
+|-
+! *āndaru
+| ondaru || wandaru || ôndaro || õdžaw || āndaru
+|-
+! *dari
+| — || wandaž || ôndary || — || āndari
+|-
+! *dareg
+| ondarek || wandažing || ôndareŋ || õdžaẽ || āndarē
+|-
+! colspan=6 | Agentive/antipassive
+|-
+! *āndaru te
+| tiondaru || tswandaru || sôndaro || õdžawt || āntedaru
+|-
+! *āndari te
+| — || tswandaž || sôndary || — || āntedari
+|-
+! *āndareg te
+| tiondarek || tswandažing || sôndareŋ || õdžiyẽt || āntedarē
+|}
+Proto-Lahob had a third tense, the ''perfect'', which had a stem formed by prefixing a copy of the root vowel. Among the modern languages, this form is continued only in Chlouvānem (and some daughter languages), Yełeshian Lawo, and Shershan Lawo. Example verb is *meɣlj-o- "to give", which had a regular perfect tense (unlike *dṛ-, which had *dadrā- → Chl. ''dadrā-''; Proto-Central-Lahobic *dadrɔ́ → Yeł. L. ''daḏwá'', Sh. L. ''dadrô'')
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! Proto-Lahob !! Yełeshian Lawo !! Shershan Lawo !! Chlouvānem
+|-
+! colspan=4 | Perfect, patientive
+|-
+! *e-meɣlj-am
+| imeyłyem || imiłoŋ || emęliam
+|-
+! *e-meɣlj-ajs
+| imeyłi || imiłey || emęlies
+|-
+! *e-meɣlj-a
+| imeył || imił || emęlia
+|-
+! colspan=4 | Perfect, agentive
+|-
+! *e-meɣlj-am te
+| tsimeyłyem || simiłoŋ || emęliaṃte
+|-
+! *e-meɣlj-ajs te
+| tsimeyłi || simiłey  || emęlieste
+|-
+! *e-meɣlj-a te
+| tsimeył || simił || emęliate
+|}
+The original Proto-Lahob ''subjunctive mood'' has been often retained in both aspects - only Šlokhowdeš and the Pwaɬasd-Ngos branch do not continue it (Only the singular is given in the table for the agentive; as usually, dual is not included due to only Chlouvānem continuing it).
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! Proto-Lahob !! Łaȟoḇeyšer !! Łokow !! Yełeshian Lawo !! Shershan Lawo !! Chlouvānem
+|-
+! colspan=6 | Subjunctive imperfective, patientive
+|-
+! *dṛ-otjam
+| žočem || tröshem || dočam || dročoŋ || dratiam
+|-
+! *dṛ-īsōw
+| — || trüsu || disu || driswi || drīsei
+|-
+! *dṛ-īti
+| žiš || trish || diš || driš || drīti
+|-
+! *dṛ-īnegjo
+| žinež || trinsh || diniž || driniš || drīneja
+|-
+! *dṛ-īnesje
+| — || trinsh || dineš || drineš || drīniši
+|-
+! *dṛ-ījewtəj
+| žiḇeš || triyösh || diyewš || driyaš || drīyevatь
+|-
+! colspan=6 | Subjunctive perfective, patientive
+|-
+! *dṛ-ewitam
+| žêtom || tretem || deytam || dreytoŋ || drevitam
+|-
+! *dṛ-ewisōw
+| — || trösu || deysu || dreyswi || drevšei
+|-
+! *dṛ-ewite
+| žêt || tret || deyt || dreyt || drevite
+|-
+! *dṛ-ewine
+| žên || tren || deyn || dreyn || drevine
+|-
+! *dṛ-ewisje
+| — || tresh || deyš || dreyš || dreviše
+|-
+! *dṛ-ewjotəj
+| žêyoš || trösh || deyoš || dreyuš || drevyatь
+|-
+! colspan=6 | Subjunctive imperfective, agentive
+|-
+! *dṛ-otjam te
+| tižočem || chtröshem || tsəḏočam || sedročoŋ || dratiaṃte
+|-
+! *dṛ-īsōw te
+| — || chtrüsu || tsəḏisu || sedriswi || drīseite
+|-
+! *dṛ-īti te
+| tižiš || chtrish || tsəḏiš || sedriš || drītite
+|-
+! colspan=6 | Subjunctive perfective, agentive
+|-
+! *dṛ-ewitam te
+| tižêtom || chtretem || tsəḏeytam || sedreytoŋ || drevitaṃte
+|-
+! *dṛ-ewisōw te
+| — || chtrösu || tsəḏeysu || sedreyswi || drevšeite
+|-
+! *dṛ-ewite te
+| tižêt || chtret || tsəḏeyt || sedreyt || drevitete
+|}
+=====To be=====
+Lahob languages' verbs for "to be", which also act as copular verbs, come from up to five different Proto-Lahob stems and, in most Lahob languages, there is a single verb with suppletive forms. The stems used all had slightly different but overlapping meanings in Proto-Lahob (and copulas in the modern languages have almost all of these ones (except often "to become"):
+* *wi(w)ʕ- "to be" (probably the original copula)
+* *ɟaʕʕ- "to become"
+* *ri- "to be there"
+* *yek- "to usually be"
+* *gəna- "to be located"
+The uses of these stems usually vary between branches:
+* *wi(w)ʕ- is used in the Pwaɬasd-Ngos branch for all forms except the past; Lahobic languages and Šlokhowdeš only keep it in present 3SG (cf. Łaȟ. ''wak'', Yeł. Lawo ''weng'' "it is"), Tlengastic and Woŋom-Baan uses it for the whole present, while Chlouvānem uses it for the present singular forms only.
+* *jaʕʕ- is not used at all in the Pwaɬasd-Ngos, Tlengastic, and Woŋom-Baan languages; Lahobic languages have it but as a different verb, while Šlokhowdeš and Chlouvānem have multiple forms of it, most notably its original perfect forms are used in the present (dual and plural in Chl., all but 3SG in Šl.), with a semantic shift from "to have become" to "to currently be". Chlouvānem also uses it as the infinitive (''jalle''), for the (most used) future, and most stems for other moods.
+* *ri- is used for the Pwaɬasd-Ngos past forms, the present (except 3SG) and the subjunctive mood in Lahobic languages, and the perfect in Chlouvānem (as well as Yełeshian and Shershan Lawo).
+* *yek- forms the past in Lahobic, Tlengastic, and Woŋom-Baan languages as well as Šlokhowdeš and Chlouvānem. Its original present inflections are used as a future paradigm in Chlouvānem, though less used than the (completely synonymous) one based on *jaʕʕ-.
+* *gəna- is used for the subjunctive mood in Chlouvānem and the Tlengastic and Woŋom-Baan languages. -->
+==Basic cognates==
+===Numbers 1-12===
+All Lahob languages have a duodecimal numeral system. Here are the numbers from 1 to 12 (10<sub>12</sub>) in some of them. Note that there is no common word for "zero" (most of them use the word for "nothing"; Chlouvānem has the Lällshag borrowing ''ajrā''). The Proto-Lahob numerals for three and six are based on finger counting, being the word for "finger" and its dual form (some languages have innovated a newer word for finger with a later derivation, cf. Chl. ''pamuvis'', Yeł. Lawo ''kpim̃í''); Kenaywanic and Tłašnelek also have the root *den, "phalanx", for one – which is reflected in all languages' word for Ɛ, *wewʕe-den, or "one phalanx more [to twelve]". It is also notable that *tītijo, used for "eight" in all branches except for Nayzehenyn and Chlouvānem, also means "limbs", referring to legs, feet, arms, and hands.<br/> Nayzehenyn languages have three as a sub-base and their word for twelve is "four fingers" or "four times three".
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Proto-Lahob !! rowspan=2 | [[Chlouvānem]] !! colspan=4 | Central Lahobic !! colspan=4 | Nayzehenyn !! colspan=4 | Łogawenek !! colspan=2 | Kenaywanic !! colspan=2 | Tłašnelek
+|-
+! Proto-CL !! Łohofál !! Sulutamilian<br/>Minwan !! Łokudár !! Proto-N. !! Yełeshian Lawo !! Shershan Lawo !! Nahawi !! Proto-Ł. !! Łaȟoḇaror !! Łogawe !! Aem !! Proto-K. !! Łōplan !! Proto-T. !! Kpunnuan<br/>Tłašnelek
+|-
+! *jemibɨ ～ *denə <small>"one"</small>
+| emibe || ''*yempu'' || yew || empu || yiw || ''*imbo'' || im̃u || im̃o || im̃u || ''*zɛmeb'' || sämeḇ || zäwm || šeme || ''*deno'' || de || ''*ten'' || ti
+|-
+! *doni <small>"two"</small>
+| dani || ''*doni'' || doy || dun || don || ''*done'' || dun || dōn || dōn || ''*dɔn'' || don || da || dwŏ || ''*doni'' || ni || ''*tani'' || tani
+|-
+! *pāmwəj <small>"three"</small>
+| pāmvi || ''*faŋi'' || feng || fen || han || ''*pɔŋ͡me'' || kpem̃ || kpam̃ || kpam̃ || ''*paŋ'' || päng || pan || fang || ''*pᵞamᵞi'' || pъem || ''*pāmwe'' || paw
+|-
+! *nexɬə(te) <small>"four"</small>
+| nęlte || ''*netłet'' || nełe || netłe || nełë || ''*neetɬo'' || nitłu || nētło || nīnu || ''*nɛɬ'' || näł || näł || nyeł || ''*nehɬo'' || nał || ''*neȟtɬo'' || nihtło
+|-
+! *sjuŋko <small>"five"</small>
+| šulka || ''*sunko'' || suk || sunku || šonë || ''*siŋka'' || sink || sink || šinka || ''*huŋk'' || hing || hun || huk || ''*simʲo'' || sumь || ''*šoŋka'' || soka
+|-
+! *pāmujwā <small>"six"</small>
+| <small>''(tulūɂa)''</small> || ''*famowá'' || fangwá || famwá || howá || ''*pɔmewɔ́'' || kpengbé || kpegbá || kpikpá || ''*pamuwa'' || pämiw || pamua || fawa || ''*pᵞɑmᵞiwɑ'' || pâmâ || ''*pāmowā'' || pamoa
+|-
+! *cʰīko <small>"seven"</small>
+| chīka || ''*siko'' || sik || siku || šikë || ''*ʃika'' || šika || šik || šia || ''*sik'' || siȟ || si || sik || ''*siko'' || suk || ''*čīka'' || kica
+|-
+! *tītijo ～ *məbuŋo <small>"eight"</small>
+| mbula || ''*tiso'' || tis || sisun || tišë || ''*g͡buŋ͡ma'' || gbum̃o || gbum̃a || kpuža || ''*tis'' || tis || tis || tis || ''*tiyo'' || ti || ''*tīča'' || tica
+|-
+! *mawɟo <small>"nine"</small>
+| moja || ''*mōlo'' || moð || munu || muthë || ''*mɔdʒa'' || mož || m̃až || maža || ''*mawz'' || nos || nawz || ma || ''*mᵞɑzo'' || moz || ''*mōča'' || muca
+|-
+! *tofaʕdo <small>"ten"</small>
+| tålda || ''*tofad'' || tof || tofa || toha || ''*tafoda'' || tor || tahoy || tawra || ''*tɔfɑd'' || torf || taha || twŏϑ || ''*tofᵞɑdo'' || tofъ || ''*tafōta'' || tafuta
+|-
+! *wewʕe-den <small>"eleven"</small>
+| vælden || ''*wālen'' || waðen || wane || wothi || ''*yɔwdin'' || wedin || wahdin || warin || ''*wɑdɛn'' || warä || waä || ŏye || ''*vʲɑden'' || ved || ''*wawaten'' || wate
+|-
+! *māmōwə ～ *nexɬəpāmwəj <small>"twelve"</small>
+| māmei || ''*mamō'' || maw || mamu || mu || ''*neetɬɔŋ͡me'' || nitłem̃ || nēłam̃ || nīnwam̃ || ''*mamu'' || näm || namu || mamu || ''*mᵞɑmᵞo'' || momъ || ''*māmōwo'' || mamo
+|}
+===Miscellaneous words===
+If the meaning in a daughter language is not specified, then it has not shifted since PLB; if ''...'' appears in a daughter language column it means that the word did not shift meaning but acquired new ones in addition to those it already had.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Proto-Lahob !! rowspan=2 | [[Chlouvānem]] !! colspan=4 | Central Lahobic !! colspan=4 | Nayzehenyn !! colspan=4 | Łogawenek !! colspan=2 | Kenaywanic !! colspan=2 | Tłašnelek
+|-
+! Proto-CL !! Łohofál !! Sulutamilian<br/>Minwan !! Łokudár !! Proto-N. !! Yełeshian<br/>Lawo !! Shershan<br/>Lawo !! Nahawi !! Proto-Ł. !! Łaȟoḇaror !! Łogawe !! Aem !! Proto-K. !! Łōpian !! Proto-T. !! Kpunnuan<br/>Tłašnelek
+|-
+! *bujnā<small>"father"</small>
+| būnā || ''*pōna'' || pon || puna || punë || ''*benɔ'' || bem̃e || bim̃a || pim̃a || ''*buna'' || bin || bun || bua || ''*pᵞinɑ'' || pъen || ''*ponā'' || pona
+|-
+! *mejnā <small>"mother"</small>
+| meinā || ''*mēna'' || mene || mina || minë || ''*menɔ'' || mem̃e || mim̃a || mim̃a || ''*mina'' || nin || nin || mia || ''*mʲena'' || mьan || ''*mīnā'' || mena
+|-
+! *ŋōntrom <small>"head"</small>
+| lāṇṭam || ''*ŋanto'' || ngat || nantu || notë || ''*ŋ͡montra'' || m̃ontła || m̃ontła || m̃uła || ''*ŋonots'' || ngunec || nonoc || ngonoc || ''*mᵞuntorᵞu'' || mūtrъ || ''*ŋ͡mōnča'' || ŋmuca
+|-
+! *ʕiken <small>"arm"</small>
+| — || ''*oken'' || ohen || oken || oke || ''*ekin'' || ekin || ičin || īn || ''*ɛkɛn'' || äȟän || ää || yehye || ''*eken'' || ikn || ''*oken'' || oke
+|-
+! *√ʕiŋ- <small>"to live"</small>
+| √lil- || ''*oŋ-'' || ang- || on- || an- || ''*eŋ͡m-'' || em̃- || im̃- || im̃- || ''*ɛŋ-'' || eng- || än- || yeng- || ''*emʲ/mᵞ-'' || emь- ～ emъ- || ''*oŋ͡m-'' || oŋm-
+|-
+! *√gʷʱi-, <small>"to take care of"</small>
+| √bhi- || ''*ɡ͡bi-'' || gbi- || gbi- || gbi- || ''*ɡ͡bi-'' || gbi- || gbi- || kpi- || ''*ɡ͡bi-'' || gbi- || gbi- || gbi- || ''*ki-'' || ki- || ''*k͡pi-'' || kpi-
+|-
+! *mwerkos <small>"black"</small>
+| murkas || ''*ŋero'' || ngel || nel || nerë || ''*ŋ͡mereko'' || m̃ereku || m̃eyeko || m̃iriu || ''*ŋɛrk'' || ngäk || näk || ngek || ''*mᵞerʲɑ'' || marь || ''*mwēka'' || mwéka
+|-
+! *ɣuŋjā <small>"moon"</small>
+| huliā || ''*ruyà'' || uyá || oá || uyá || ''*guyyɔ́'' || ožwé || ožwá || wožá || ''*xoja'' || ȟuy || goy || ea || ''*wumʲɑ'' || mьâ || ''*xonyā'' || hoya
+|-
+! *gistoros <small>"young"</small>
+| giṣṭaras || ''*kitoro'' || kitol || sitol || kitorë || ''*yestor'' || ehtu || ihtu || ihtur || ''*ketɔr'' || kedoy || kedar || keϑwŏ || ''*kitorᵞa'' || kurâ || ''*yešala'' || cihna
+|-
+! *tāmiro <small>"stone"</small>
+| tāmira || ''*tamiro'' || tamil || tamil || tamurë || ''*tomur'' || tom̃ || tomu || tumur || ''*tamer'' || tämey || tamer || tame || ''*tamʲirᵞo'' || temьurъ || ''*tāmila'' || temna
+|-
+! *liŋkajnet <small>"family"</small>
+| — || ''*ɬikēnet'' || łihet || łisine || łikinë ||  ''*ɬeŋkɛyni'' || łenkey || łinkēn || ninkēni || ''*ɬeŋkɛnɛt'' || łengkäd || łenkänt || łekyet || ''*lʲinkene'' || līkne || ''*ɬiŋkēne'' || łikéne
+|-
+! *frātos <small>"wind"</small>
+| prātas || ''*fato'' || fat || fat || hatë || ''*fwɔt'' || fuwe || wat || wat || ''*frat'' || rät || hrat || fat || ''*fʲatɑ'' || fьât || ''*fwāta'' || fwota
+|-
+! *xadono <small>"sun"</small>
+| hånna || ''*rolon'' || oðon || onon || othu || ''*kalona'' || kano || kayon || kanun || ''*xɑnd'' || ȟan || gan || ŏϑ || ''*wadon'' || wodn || ''*xatana'' || hahna
+|-
+! *ʕanaj <small>"island"</small>
+| lanai || ''*anē'' || ane || ani || ani || ''*ɔney'' || wene || wanē || wanē || ''*ɑnɛ'' || anä || onä || ŏi || ''*ɑne'' || ân || ''*onē'' || oné
+|-
+! *siwás <small>"animal"</small>
+| švas || ''*hiwó'' || iwó || hiwú || iwó || ''*siwá'' || swa || siwá || šiwá || ''*hew'' || hew || ew || hyŏ || ''*šiwa'' || šew || ''*šiwa'' || sia
+|-
+! *jetiror <small>"stranger, foreigner"</small>
+| etirah <small>"customer"</small> || ''*yetiru'' || yetil || esil || yetir || ''*yetir'' || eti || itir || itiš || ''*zɛter'' || särt || zäc || šeϑe || ''*itirᵞo'' || iturъ || ''*yetila'' || citina
+|-
+! *ēʕto <small>"trace, footprint"</small>
+| yalta<br/><small>"symbol, ..."</small> || ''*āto'' || ato || at || otë || ''*aata'' || āta || āt || ēta || ''*ɛt'' || ät || ät || yet || ''*eta'' || eta || ''*āta'' || ata
+|-
+! *lanisí <small>"braid"</small>
+| lañši<br/><small>"marriage, ..."</small> || ''*ɬonisí'' || łonisí <small>"sausage"</small> || łonití <small>"chain"</small> || łuší <small>"sausage"</small> || ''*ɬanisi'' || łanisi <small>"chain"</small> || łanis <small>"rope"</small> || naniš <small>"rope"</small> || ''*ɬɑnes'' <small>"chain"</small> || łaner || łoz || łŏr || ''*lᵞaniší'' || weši || ''*ɬaniši'' || łanisi
+|-
+! *hōwrar <small>"summer"</small>
+| heirah<br/><small>"year"</small> || colspan=4 | — || ''*hor'' || ho <small>"heat"</small> || ħor || hur || ''*urɑ'' || iya || ura || urŏ || colspan=2 | — || colspan=2 | —
+|}
+==Comparison sentences==
+Comparison of sentences in different Lahob languages:
+* '''English''': I ate three fish.
+* Proto-Lahob (reconstructed): *ʕiŋi pāmwəju dalətu juxlāw te.
+''Chlouvānem languages''
+* Chlouvānem: ''(lili) pāmvyu daltu yųlaute.'' {{IPA|[ɴ̆iɴ̆i päːmʋju däɴ̆tu jṳɴ̆äʊ̯te]}}
+** Līlasuṃghāṇi vernacular: ''lil pœy dolɂee ulat.'' {{IPA|[ɴ̆iŋ ˌpœːi̯ duɴ̆ˈɁeː ˈyːɴ̆ɐt]}}
+** Lāltaṣveyi vernacular: ''li pamb dôltô zuld.'' {{IPA|[ɴ̆i ˌpamb ˈdɔɴ̆tɔ ˈzuɴ̆d]}}
+** Lāmberhāti vernacular: ''lil pamf dôlt julôd.'' {{IPA|[ɴ̆iw̃ ˌpaɱf ˈdɔɴ̆t ˈdʒuɴ̆ɔð̞]}}
+* Western Ancient Chlouvānem: ''(lilǝ) pāmbǝyu dartu yūrwåǝtǝ'' {{IPA|*[ɴ̆iɴ̆ǝ päːmbǝju därtu juːrwɔʊ̯tǝ]}} <small>''(reconstructed pronunciation)''</small>
+''Central Lahobic languages''
+* Łohofál: ''ngi yułot feng dołit.'' {{IPA|[ŋi ˈjuɬɔt fɛŋ ˈdɔɬit]}}
+* Dal Ming Wang: ''ngi yułut fang dołit.'' {{IPA|[ŋi ˈjuɬut faŋ ˈdɔɬit]}}
+* Sulutamilian Minwan: ''oni ułut fen dołet.'' {{IPA|[ˈoni ˈuɬut fen ˈdoɬet]}}
+* Łokudár: ''oni yułutë han dołitë.'' {{IPA|[ˈoni ˈjuɬutə han ˈdoɬitə]}}
+* Tłowpedar: ''on yołt fan dołit.'' {{IPA|[ˈɔn ˈjɔɬt fan ˈdɔɬit]}}
+''Nayzehenyn languages''
+* Yełeshian Lawo: ''em̃e kpem̃ dałit yułwet.'' {{IPA|[ˈɛŋ͡mɛ k͡pɛŋ͡m ˈdaɬit ˈjuɬwɛt]}}
+* Shershan Lawo: ''em̃ kpam̃ dałit yułwat.'' {{IPA|[ɛŋ͡m k͡paŋ͡m ˈdaɬit ˈjuɬwat]}}
+* Nahawi: ''im̃ kpam̃ tanit yum̃at.'' {{IPA|[ɪŋ͡m k͡paŋ͡m ˈtanit ˈjuŋ͡mat]}}
+''Tłašnelek languages''
+* Kpunnuan Tłašnelek: ''oŋmit paw tałca cohlo.'' {{IPA|[ˈɔŋ͡mit paw ˈtaɬt͡sa ˈt͡sɔɦlɔ]}}
+* Temyaonean Tłašnelek: ''oŋmit po tatła cotło.'' {{IPA|[ˈɔŋ͡mit pɔ ˈtat͡ɬa ˈt͡sɔt͡ɬɔ]}}
+* Bōmon Tātō: ''oŋmit pōm tāša žōło.'' {{IPA|[ˈɔŋ͡mit poːm ˈtaːʃa ˈʒoːɬo]}}
+==External history==
+The history behind how I created the Lahob languages is somewhat curious: when I created Chlouvānem in my newer version of Calémere, I could not keep the same family I had already vastly developed for Laceyiam. But I didn't really like leaving it as an isolate, so that when I was filling the language infobox on the page for Chlouvānem I wrote down a meaningless "Lahob" on the language family parameter. Eventually I decided I liked the name and built the family around it.<br/>The aesthetic inspirations for the individual non-Chlouvānem language families are varied, but overall I was mostly inspired by the Austronesian and Algonquian families.
+==Notes==
 [[Category:Language families]]
 [[Category:Lahob languages]]
+[[Category:Calémere]]

Lahob languages: Difference between revisions

Lahob languages (view source)

Revision as of 16:58, 6 November 2021