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Lahob languages: Difference between revisions
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* The Tlengastic languages distinguish an n-class which continues the PLB m-class, while the other three have been merged in a single class (with most words being consonant-final). | * The Tlengastic languages distinguish an n-class which continues the PLB m-class, while the other three have been merged in a single class (with most words being consonant-final). | ||
* The Woŋom-Baan languages have the same n-class derived from the PLB m-class as the Tlengastic languages, but the other one was split between vowel-final words (mostly continuing the vowel-final nouns of the PLB r-class) and consonant-final words; inflections for the consonant-final class continue the PLB s-class, those of the vowel-final class the PLB r-class. | * The Woŋom-Baan languages have the same n-class derived from the PLB m-class as the Tlengastic languages, but the other one was split between vowel-final words (mostly continuing the vowel-final nouns of the PLB r-class) and consonant-final words; inflections for the consonant-final class continue the PLB s-class, those of the vowel-final class the PLB r-class. | ||
====Verbs==== | |||
Proto-Lahob had a verbal conjugation which was very similar to Classical Chlouvānem (with the reflexive *-ir- and the causative *-iʕd- affixes that are analyzed as "stem modifiers" instead of different types of endings - cf. Chlouvānem interior and causative forms). Most modern Lahob languages have retained only a small amount of verbs, often using them as light verbs by extending them with other nouns or else - cf. Łaȟoḇszer ''darek'' (to do<ref>Łaȟoḇszer, like most Lahob languages, has no infinitive - this form is actually 2SG and 3SG.</ref>), ''wašišan darek'' (to pay (< Gathurani ''waxishan'' "money"), ''pov darek'' (to hunt (''pov'' "hunt" < PLB *podʱo)). Also, most Lahob languages have inverted the voices and the older *te affix for agent-trigger conjugation now marks the antipassive in the ergative/absolutive system of most Lahob languages (apart from Macro-Pwaɬasd and Chlouvānem). | |||
Here are the singular present and past forms of "to do" (PLB *dṛ-, *dar-) for patientive/unmarked and agentive/antipassive voices in Proto-Lahob, Łaȟoḇszer, Łokow, Yełeshian Lawo, Shershan Lawo (all Central Lahobic), Šlokhowdeš, and Chlouvānem. Instantly noticeable are the closeness of the PLB and the Chlouvānem forms, but the present forms are all recognizable with similar meanings; noteworthy is how Central Lahobic uses the voice affixes before the verb instead of after it (as in Chlouvānem in prefixed verbs). Note that Łaȟoḇszer and Šlokhowdeš have both generalized third persons at the expense of second persons: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Proto-Lahob !! Łaȟoḇszer !! Łokow !! Yełeshian Lawo !! Shershan Lawo !! Šlokhowdeš !! Chlouvānem | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=7 | Present, patientive/unmarked | |||
|- | |||
! *daru | |||
| daru || tör || daru || daro || džaw || daru | |||
|- | |||
! *dari | |||
| — || tir || daž || dary || — || dari | |||
|- | |||
! *dareg | |||
| darek || tarik || dažing || dareŋ || džaẽ || darė | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=7 | Past, patientive/unmarked | |||
|- | |||
! *dṛāw | |||
| žô || truo || dao || drowo || džow || drau | |||
|- | |||
! *dṛōw | |||
| — || trüy || doye || droye || — || drei | |||
|- | |||
! *dṛek | |||
| žek || trek || dak || drak || džäk || drak | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=7 | Present, agentive/antipassive | |||
|- | |||
! *daru te | |||
| tidaru || chtör || tsəḏaru || sedaro || džawt || darute | |||
|- | |||
! *dari te | |||
| — || chtir || tsəḏaž || sedary || — || darite | |||
|- | |||
! *dareg te | |||
| tidarek || chtarik || tsəḏažing || sedareŋ || džiyẽt || daregde | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=7 | Past, agentive/antipassive | |||
|- | |||
! *dṛāw te | |||
| tižô || chtruo || tsəḏao || sedrowo || džo:t || draute | |||
|- | |||
! *dṛōw te | |||
| — || chtrüy || tsəḏoye || sedroye || — || dreite | |||
|- | |||
! *dṛek te | |||
| tižek || chtrek || tsəḏak || sedrak || džätt || drakte | |||
|} | |||
==Basic cognates== | ==Basic cognates== | ||