@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-:''Not to be confused with the [[Lahob languages]].''
+: {{distinguish|text= the [[Lahob languages]]}}
-The '''Lakovic languages''' (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ ''luh-KOHV-ik''; [[Eevo]]: ''brits Lycóov''; [[Rhythoed]]: ''fi imbrits Lăcoaf'') are a language family native to [[Verse:Tricin/Talma|Talma]].
+[[Lakovic languages/Lexicon|Lexicon of Proto-Lakovic roots]]<br/>
+[[Lakovic languages/Swadesh list|Swadesh lists for the Lakovic languages]]<br/>
+[[Lakovic languages/Sketchbook]]
+{{Infobox language family
+| setting     = [[Verse:Hmøøh|Hmøøh]]
+| region      = Bjeheond, Talma, Etalocin, Txapoalli
+| name        = Lakovic
+| familycolor = lakovic
+| family      = One of Hmøøh's primary language families
+| protoname   = Proto-Lakovic
+| child1 = [[Naengic languages|Naengic]]
+| child2 = Häskä
+| child3 = Tseer
+| child4 = Tumhanic
+| child5 = Txapoallian Lakovic
+| child6 = Pfiunic
+}}
+The '''Lakovic languages''' (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ ''lə-KOH-vik''; [[Naeng]]: ''fi imbrits Lăcof'' <small>Bjeheondian:</small> [vɪ (ʔ)ɪmˈbrits ləˈkaov]) are a major [[Verse:Hmøøh|Hmøøhian]] language family, originally native to [[Verse:Hmøøh/Bjeheond|Bjeheond]]. The most populous members of the family are the Nakwax dialect continuum spoken in Txapoalli, the [[Æ]] language of northwest Taivíor, and the (usually mutually intelligible) vernaculars derived from Classical Tseer. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.
+The family is named after *lakof, the PLak reconstructed word for 'human'. *lakof is the etymon of [[Naeng]] ''Wen Lăchua'' '(poetic) [[Verse:Hmøøh/Wen Dămea|Wen Dămea]]', [[Tseer]] ''lakow'' 'free', and several other ethnonyms of Lakovic-speaking peoples such as [[Dak'ox]].
+{{Windermere sidebar}}
 ==Todo==
-Other (short) suffixes?
+Language with dissimilated reduplicated plurals/verbs
+some confusion between derivational affixes and trigger/applicatives in Ashanic
+an ergative Lakovic language
+a Txapoallian Lakovic language with a possessed classifier system
+A Dinka-like language
+==Urheimat==
+The Proto-Lakovic urheimat is thought to have been [[Verse:Hmøøh/Bjeheond|Bjeheond]], based on the distribution of the family and reconstructed Proto-Lakovic vocabulary for Bjeheondian fauna and flora and Mediterranean-climate rainy winters and dry summers.
+===Proto-Lakovic culture===
 ==Phylogeny==
-*Proto-Lakovic
+Most scholars agree on the following major branches:
-**Old Windermere
+*[[Naeng languages|Naengic]] (aka Ashanic)
-***[[Windermere|Classical Windermere]]
+**[[Naeng/Classical|Classical Naeng]]
-****[[Modern Windermere]]
+***[[Naeng|Modern Naeng]]
-***a Scots analog
+***[[Sătmașian]]
-**[[Tergetian]]
+***[[Trây]]
-**[[Ksieħ]]
+***[[Pradiul]]
-**[[Häskä]]
+*Tseeric
-**A language where stress shifts to feminine -i
+**Classical Tseer
-**Western Bjeheondian
+***Modern [[Tseer]]
-**Tumhanian
+*[[Häskä]]
-***[[Schong]]
+* [[Shalaian]]
+*[[Pfiunian]] dialect continuum (Pseudo-Swiss German)
+*Txapoallian Lakovic
+**[[Tsăloșian]] dialect continuum (near Sowaazhpi)
+**Lakwax/Dakwax/Nakwax (Ejective-y head-final language; influenced [[Naquian]])
+* Lakovic isolates:
+** [[!Zoom]]
+** [[Æ]]
-==Proto-Lakovic phonology==
+==Phonology==
+The reconstructed phonology of PLak
 ===Consonants===
-{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
+{| class="wikitable"
-! colspan="2" |
-!  |Labial
-!  |Dental
-!  |Alveolar
-!  |Lateral
-!  |Palatal
-!  |Velar
-!  |Glottal
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
+! colspan=2 |
-| '''m''' /m/
+! | Labial
-| '''n''' /n/
+! | Dental/Alveolar
+! | Lateral
+! | Palatal
+! | Velar
+! | Laryngeal
+|-align=center
+! colspan="2" | Nasal
+| '''*m''' /m/
+| '''*n''' /n{{den}}/
+|
 |
-|
+| '''*ŋ''' /ŋ/
 |
-| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
+|-align=center
-|
+! rowspan="3" | Plosive
-|-
+! <small>voiceless</small>
-! rowspan="2" |"Stop"
+| '''*p''' /p/
-! |<small>plain</small>
+| '''*t''' /t{{den}}/
-| '''p''' /p/
+|
-| '''t''' /t/
+|
-|
+| '''*k''' /k/
-|
+| '''*ʔ''' /ʔ/
-|
+|-align=center
-| '''k''' /k/
+! <small>voiced</small>
-| '''ʔ''' /ʔ/
+| '''*b''' /b/
-|-
+| '''*d''' /d{{den}}/
-! |<small>spirant</small>
+|
-| '''f''' /f/
+|
-| '''þ''' /θ/
+| '''*g''' /ɡ/
 |
-|
+|-align=center
+! <small>implosive</small>
+| '''*ƀ''' /ɓ/
+| '''*đ''' /ɗ/
 |
-| '''x''' /x/
 |
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
 |
-| '''s''' /s̻/
+|
-| '''š''' /s̺/
+|-align=center
-| '''ś''' /ɬ/
+! colspan="2" | Affricate
+|
+| '''*c''' /t͡{{den}}s{{den}}/
+| '''*ć''' /t͡ɬ/
 |
 |
-| '''h''' /h/
+|
+|-align=center
+! colspan="2" | Fricative
+| '''*f''' /ɸ/
+| '''*s''' /s{{den}}/
+| '''*ś''' /ɬ/
+| '''*š''' /ʃ/
+| '''*x''' /χ/
+| '''*h''' /ɦ/
+|-align=center
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate
+|-align=center
-|
+! colspan="2" | Resonant
-| '''c''' /ts̻/
+| '''*w''' /w/
-| '''č''' /ts̺/
+| '''*r''' /r/
-| '''ć''' /tɬ/
+| '''*l''' /l{{den}}/
-|
+| '''*y''' /j/
 |
 |
-|-
-! colspan="2" |Approximant
-| '''w''' /w/
-|
-| '''r''' /r/
-| '''l''' /l/
-| '''y''' /j/
-|
-|
 |}
+The voiceless stops '''p t k ts tś''' were weakly aspirated like Japanese voiceless stops.
+'''m n l r''' could be syllabic in unstressed affixes.
 ===Vowels===
-Proto-Lakovic had 6 vowels and register tone:
+''i u e o ă a''
-'''i ü u e o a''' = /i y u e o a/
+''ă'' is thought to have been short /a/ or /ɐ/ while ''a'' was long /aː/. ''a'' could not occur unstressed and regularly reduced to ''ă''.
-'''ì ǜ ù è ò à''' = low/breathy vowels
+===Phonotactics===
+Proto-Lakovic was dominated by CV or CVC syllables. Some prefixes and infixes resulted in CC- initials.
-'''ə''' /ə/ was found in unstressed syllables.
+==Proto-Lakovic morphology==
+===Root structure===
+Roots consisted of a sequence of consonants plus an inherent vowel.  There was schwebeablaut: the vowel could change position within the root. The roots could be of the form
+#biconsonantal roots alternating between CVC and CCV. Example: sep ~ spe 'to walk'
+#triconsonantal roots alternating between CCVC, CVCC, and CVCVC. Example: ptsun ~ putsn ~ putsun 'to live'
+#4-consonant roots like cpalg ~ cplag 'to cry out' (Wdm. ''tspong'' 'to demand' and ''tsloc'' 'to cry out')
-===Phonotactics===
+Statistically, biconsonantal roots in Lakovic are somewhat more common than in Semitic; triconsonantal roots are derived from biconsonantals via root extensions. One example is *Hedn "being" and *Hdek "to inhabit", both derived from the root *Hed "to exist".
-Final consonant clusters were allowed, unlike in [[Windermere]].
+Various prefixes, infixes and suffixes were added to derive words. Some infixes had 2 allomorphs, either as an infix or as a prefix: C<əC>CVC or C-CVC/C-CVCC.
+Three-consonant roots had 3 ablaut grades, traditionally called:
+*'''Verbal grade''': CCVC
+*'''Nominal grade''': CVCC
+*'''Long nominal grade''': CVCVC
+The CVCC grade had some reflexes with either the first C assimilating into V or the second C (explain some words like muad, yar or -b, -d finals)
-Proto-Lakovic, like Old Chinese, had a contrast between tightly and loosely attached presyllables.
+The long nominal grade first arose in Late Proto-Lakovic: the nominal grade CVCC turned to CVCVC when doing so epenthesized less "nice" consonant clusters. Then CVCVC became analyzed as a new ablaut grade.
+====Weak roots====
+''Weak roots'' such as *yriš 'to think' and *săpQ 'to pull' have irregularities in their allomorphs, like weak roots in Semitic. The weak consonants are y, w, H, and Q.
-===Stress===
+With week roots, either the verbal stem (e.g. ''yriš'' > ''riš'') or the nominal stem (''sap''' > ''sap'' 'to pull, to drag') or both are shortened, and either drops or assimilates the weak consonant. This leads to apparent irregularities like nominal yirš ~ verbal riš.
-Stress was on the final syllable.
-==Proto-Lakovic morphology==
 ===Nouns===
-Proto-Lakovic had two genders: masculine and feminine. The feminine was marked with breathy voice on the final syllable.
+Nouns were pluralized by total reduplication:
+*''lăkof'' 'person' > ''lăkof-lăkof'' 'people'
+*''lban'' 'water > ''lban-lban'' 'a lot of water'
+Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.
+Naengic developed a new associative plural suffix ''-am'', from PLak ''păm'' 'that; those (distal demonstrative)' (the ''-am'' in Modern Windermere plural pronouns ''łănam'', ''ănam'').
+===Pronouns===
+Most branches of Lakovic show evidence for the following PLak pronouns:
+*''*riH'' = I
+*''*băŋ'' = we (dual inclusive)
+*''*śen'' = thou
+*''*śens'' = thou (hon)
+*''*ʔin'' = s/he
+*''*ʔins'' = s/he (hon)
+PLak had no plural pronouns; it made do with associative plurals or demonstratives instead.
-*direct case marker: ''id-''
-*indirect case marker: ''how-''
 ===Verbs and adjectives===
-<!--
+Proto-Lakovic was a verb-heavy language: verbs contained enough information that a sentence could consist of just a verb, and context made sense of the meaning.
-Verbs and adjectives agreed with nouns in gender. For example:
-*''šmer toʔ'' = a good man (m);
+Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, evidentiality, and gender agreement. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels.
-*''ʔamà tòʔ'' = a good mother (f)
+====TAM====
+The following verb affixes marked lexical aspect and voice/transitivity/denominality.
+*unmarked or li- = imperfective
+*-H = perfective
+*hem- = change of state for statives?
+*various reduplifixes for other TAMs:
+**F(M)ă- = iterative
+**FaL- = intensive
+**{{angbr|iL}}, qol-{{angbr|iL}}- almost X, X a little
+**săL- = inceptive
+**HenFă- = frequentative
+**tăFi- = graduative
+**ongFă- = X for oneself, X in advance
+* {{angbr|ăp}}
+* {{angbr|ăŋ}}
+* {{angbr|it}}
+* {{angbr|ăm/năm}}
+* {{angbr|ăg}}
+* {{angbr|kăm}}
+* {{angbr|lis}}
-TODO: triggers, aspects
+====Nominalization====
--->
+The most common ways to form deverbal nouns were:
-===Numbers===
+*Using the nominal grade CVCC of the root
-#''àtòn''
+*The {{angbr|ăy}} infix
-#''raþ''
+*using instrument, place and agent affixes.
-#''sciw''
-#''msàx''
-#''lamǜc''
-#''tax''
-#''àpoþ''
-#''sałàp''
-#''ʔalòy''
-#''θaf''
-#''sayàw''
-#''srüx''
 ===Derivational morphology===
-*Breathy voice ablaut: nominalization
+====Schwebeablaut====
+Three-consonant roots had 3 ablaut grades, traditionally called:
+*'''Verbal grade''': CCVC
+*'''Nominal grade''': CVCC
+*'''Long nominal grade''': CVCVC
+The distinction is best preserved in non-Talman Lakovic languages, and to an extent Naeng; the Talman ones went fast and loose with ablaut grades just like most branches of IE did.
+====Root extensions====
+There is much evidence that the truly basic roots were CVC~CCV roots, and CVCC~CCVC roots were derived from CVC~CCV via suffixing a third root consonant.
+*ngit = to happen
+**ngitw~ngtiw = new
+====Affixes====
+*{{angbr|-s}}: honorific, nominalization
+**Source of breathy voice ablaut in Wdm.
+*{{angbr|r}} prefix or infix: non-volitional or passive verbs
+**Ashanic *{{angbr|àr}}, Wdm. {{angbr|ră}}, {{angbr|ngăr/măr}}
+*{{angbr|ăy}} = deverbal noun
+*{{angbr|ong}} = place noun
+*{{angbr|X}} = agentive or instrument
+**Wdm root vowel breathiness
+*{{angbr|ăf}} = verb forming prefix or infix
+**Wdm initial voicing, sometimes also breathy root vowel
+*bif- = agentive
+**Wdm. ''pă-'' + voicing (not productive)
+**Tseer ''ba-''
+*xă- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
+*t- = intensive, denominals
+**Wdm. ''th-'' or ''t-'' (not productive)
+*Qu- = intensive
+**Wdm. ''th-u-''
+*yă- = adjectivizer; from ''yă'' 'with'
+**Wdm. ''yă-'', Tseer ''xi-'', Häskä ''yə-''
+* ''f-'' = negative; the opposite or undoing of X
+**not productive in Wdm
+** Tseer ''ø-''
 ==Proto-Lakovic syntax==
+Proto-Lakovic had unmarked word order VSO.
+===Triggers===
+*''spe-f fit Qopr-is ŋă rif'' (walk-PFV IND height-FEM DIR 1SG) = I walked up high (neutral)
+*''s<əŋ>pe-f fit rif ŋă Qopris'' (<DEST>walk-PFV IND 1SG DIR high) = I walked up high (emphasis on "up high")
+===Copular sentences===
+Proto-Lakovic was zero-copula (different descendants use different etymologies for the copula).
+This caused some triggers to be reinterpreted as noun-deriving affixes in some daughter languages. Demonstration by contrived example, with the instrument trigger:
+:'''''p{{angbr|ăk}}tuś fit rif fit Qin ŋă măXokis.'''''
+:{{angbr|INST}}stab IND 1SG IND 3SG.M DIR stone-F
+:''I stabbed him with the stone.''
+was reinterpreted as something like "The stone was my stabbing-instrument [for piercing] him".
+Copular sentences are zero-copula and do not use case markers except ''Hit'': ''biHdaŋ Hit lakoF.'' = 'The person is a soldier/warrior.'
+Some "adjectives" are actually prepositional phrases instead of verbs:
+''*Xu Qopr fit fedn Xtăr.'' (PRED high.NOM DIR creature black) 'The black one is up high.'
+== Sample text ==
+=== The Round Table ===
+<!--x = some laryngeal idk what
+Pre-Wdm homorganic nasals cause urú in Wdm while heteroganic nasals become homorganic nasals?
+Pre-Naengic word for word "reconstruction", not guaranteed to be grammatical in PLak
+<poem>
+Ngiiθ dur mogor se taχ χaaθ. "Măra łĭnam?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid.
+ŋiHt Vntor måŋgår se dak kaHt. "meH ra śenam?" dambic pin bindaq PN.
+Mi-ăngnuung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal sen doon: "Șrüχ te-stiiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müts θraaφ, liw stăliiw, θaφ te-müts mălsaaχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ."
+"mi ngXnuung katkHat nåtaX hemrecal sen Hdån: "šruk day ătsHiw: dak månknas, tap day amHuc tramp, liw atsalHiw, tak malHuc, n-dHon talak." (implying mp > bh > φ?)
+"Ǎna mee ra, srü hĭdeen croθ năθa?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid.
+"Ha-na meH ra, sru xeHden gråt nåtaX?" dambic pin bindaq PN. (PLak -aq > -a while -a > *-ā > -o)
+"Op cănga, φin Pĭda: tsor pădiχ φnărtaang, te ămsaχ păχwădiχ năθa ya φin croθ φi!" eφθooc φin χaaθ.
+Åb gaŋaq, pin Binta: cår bindik panradHaŋ, day Famsak (Fanpsak?) pinkawandik nåtaX yaq pin gråt pi! emp-tHåk(?) pin kaHt.
+"Ăruy șa-χaaθ ses tsărüng te sen θăpal φănaw φănaw." esngim șa φin χaaθ φin Pĭda Brăwid.
+qaroy šaX-kaHt se se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsxngim šaX pin kaHt pin bindaq PN.
+</poem>
+(todo: double check, account for Grassmann. This also omits gender affixes.)
+-->
+''**ŋift ntor mangār se dak kaft. "mef raq śen ʔam?" dambic pin bindaq PN. mi qangfnung katkfat nataX qemrecal sen Hdān: "šruk day qatsHiw: dak manknas, tap day amfuc ftom, liw qatsalfiw, tak malfuc, n-dHon talak." "fna mef raq, sru fenfden grāt nataX? dambic pin bindaq PN. "gaŋaX, pin bindaq: cār bindik panratfaŋ, day fanpsak binkawantik nataX ya pin grāt pi!" "qaruy šaX-kaft se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsfŋim šaX pin kaft pin bindaq PN.''
-Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.
+=== Another one ===

Lakovic languages: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 01:57, 23 April 2023