Lakovic languages: Difference between revisions

: {{distinguish|text= the [[Lahob languages]]}}

| setting    = [[Verse:Hmøøh|Hmøøh]]

| region      = Bjeheond, Talma, Etalocin, Txapoalli

| family      = One of Hmøøh's primary language families

| child1 = [[Naengic languages|Naengic]]

| child3 = Tseer

| child4 = Tumhanic

| child5 = Txapoallian Lakovic

The '''Lakovic languages''' (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ ''lə-KOH-vik''; [[Naeng]]: ''fi imbrits Lăcof'' <small>Bjeheondian:</small> [vɪ (ʔ)ɪmˈbrits ləˈkaov]) are a major [[Verse:Hmøøh|Hmøøhian]] language family, originally native to [[Verse:Hmøøh/Bjeheond|Bjeheond]]. The most populous members of the family are the Nakwax dialect continuum spoken in Txapoalli, the [[Æ]] language of northwest Taivíor, and the (usually mutually intelligible) vernaculars derived from Classical Tseer. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Proto-Lakovic urheimat is thought to have been [[Verse:Hmøøh/Bjeheond|Bjeheond]], based on the distribution of the family and reconstructed Proto-Lakovic vocabulary for Bjeheondian fauna and flora and Mediterranean-climate rainy winters and dry summers.

*[[Naeng languages|Naengic]] (aka Ashanic)

**[[Naeng/Classical|Classical Naeng]]

***[[Naeng|Modern Naeng]]

***[[Sătmașian]]

***[[Pradiul]]

** [[Æ]]

==Phonology==

{| class="wikitable"

! colspan=2 |

! | Labial

! | Dental/Alveolar

! | Lateral

! | Palatal

! | Velar

! | Laryngeal

| '''*m''' /m/

| '''*n''' /n{{den}}/

| '''*p''' /p/

| '''*t''' /t{{den}}/

| '''*b''' /b/

| '''*d''' /d{{den}}/

! <small>implosive</small>

| '''*ƀ''' /ɓ/

| '''*đ''' /ɗ/

! colspan="2" | Affricate

| '''*c''' /t͡{{den}}s{{den}}/

| '''*ć''' /t͡ɬ/

|  

! colspan="2" | Fricative

| '''*f''' /ɸ/

| '''*s''' /s{{den}}/

| '''*š''' /ʃ/

| '''*x''' /χ/

| '''*h''' /ɦ/

|-align=center

|-

! colspan="2" | Resonant

| '''*w''' /w/

| '''*r''' /r/

| '''*l''' /l{{den}}/

| '''*y''' /j/

|  

''i u e o ă a''

''ă'' is thought to have been short /a/ or /ɐ/ while ''a'' was long /aː/. ''a'' could not occur unstressed and regularly reduced to ''ă''.

 

===Phonotactics===

Proto-Lakovic was dominated by CV or CVC syllables. Some prefixes and infixes resulted in CC- initials.

==Proto-Lakovic morphology==

===Root structure===

#4-consonant roots like cpalg ~ cplag 'to cry out' (Wdm. ''tspong'' 'to demand' and ''tsloc'' 'to cry out')

Various prefixes, infixes and suffixes were added to derive words. Some infixes had 2 allomorphs, either as an infix or as a prefix: C<əC>CVC or C-CVC/C-CVCC.

Three-consonant roots had 3 ablaut grades, traditionally called:

The CVCC grade had some reflexes with either the first C assimilating into V or the second C (explain some words like muad, yar or -b, -d finals)

====Weak roots====

''Weak roots'' such as *yriš 'to think' and *săpQ 'to pull' have irregularities in their allomorphs, like weak roots in Semitic. The weak consonants are y, w, H, and Q.

With week roots, either the verbal stem (e.g. ''yriš'' > ''riš'') or the nominal stem (''sap''' > ''sap'' 'to pull, to drag') or both are shortened, and either drops or assimilates the weak consonant. This leads to apparent irregularities like nominal yirš ~ verbal riš.

 

*''lăkof'' 'person' > ''lăkof-lăkof'' 'people'

*''lban'' 'water > ''lban-lban'' 'a lot of water'

 

Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.

 

Naengic developed a new associative plural suffix ''-am'', from PLak ''păm'' 'that; those (distal demonstrative)' (the ''-am'' in Modern Windermere plural pronouns ''łănam'', ''ănam'').

 

*''*riH'' = I

*''*băŋ'' = we (dual inclusive)

*''*śen'' = thou

*''*śens'' = thou (hon)

*''*ʔin'' = s/he

*''*ʔins'' = s/he (hon)

 

 

Proto-Lakovic was a verb-heavy language: verbs contained enough information that a sentence could consist of just a verb, and context made sense of the meaning.

Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, evidentiality, and gender agreement. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels.

The following verb affixes marked lexical aspect and voice/transitivity/denominality.

 

The most common ways to form deverbal nouns were:

*using instrument, place and agent affixes.

*'''Verbal grade''': CCVC

The distinction is best preserved in non-Talman Lakovic languages, and to an extent Naeng; the Talman ones went fast and loose with ablaut grades just like most branches of IE did.

 

 

*{{angbr|-s}}: honorific, nominalization

**Source of breathy voice ablaut in Wdm.

**Ashanic *{{angbr|àr}}, Wdm. {{angbr|ră}}, {{angbr|ngăr/măr}}

**Wdm root vowel breathiness

**Wdm. ''pă-'' + voicing (not productive)

**Tseer ''ba-''

*xă- = resultative (passive in Windermere)

*t- = intensive, denominals

**Wdm. ''th-'' or ''t-'' (not productive)

*Qu- = intensive

Proto-Lakovic was zero-copula (different descendants use different etymologies for the copula).

 

:'''''p{{angbr|ăk}}tuś fit rif fit Qin ŋă măXokis.'''''

:''I stabbed him with the stone.''

was reinterpreted as something like "The stone was my stabbing-instrument [for piercing] him".

 

Copular sentences are zero-copula and do not use case markers except ''Hit'': ''biHdaŋ Hit lakoF.'' = 'The person is a soldier/warrior.'

 

 

''*Xu Qopr fit fedn Xtăr.'' (PRED high.NOM DIR creature black) 'The black one is up high.'

 

== Sample text ==

=== The Round Table ===

<!--x = some laryngeal idk what

 

Pre-Wdm homorganic nasals cause urú in Wdm while heteroganic nasals become homorganic nasals?

 

Pre-Naengic word for word "reconstruction", not guaranteed to be grammatical in PLak

 

Ngiiθ dur mogor se taχ χaaθ. "Măra łĭnam?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid.

ŋiHt Vntor måŋgår se dak kaHt. "meH ra śenam?" dambic pin bindaq PN.

 

Mi-ăngnuung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal sen doon: "Șrüχ te-stiiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müts θraaφ, liw stăliiw, θaφ te-müts mălsaaχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ."

"mi ngXnuung katkHat nåtaX hemrecal sen Hdån: "šruk day ătsHiw: dak månknas, tap day amHuc tramp, liw atsalHiw, tak malHuc, n-dHon talak." (implying mp > bh > φ?)

 

"Ha-na meH ra, sru xeHden gråt nåtaX?" dambic pin bindaq PN. (PLak -aq > -a while -a > *-ā > -o)

 

"Op cănga, φin Pĭda: tsor pădiχ φnărtaang, te ămsaχ păχwădiχ năθa ya φin croθ φi!" eφθooc φin χaaθ.

 

"Ăruy șa-χaaθ ses tsărüng te sen θăpal φănaw φănaw." esngim șa φin χaaθ φin Pĭda Brăwid.

qaroy šaX-kaHt se se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsxngim šaX pin kaHt pin bindaq PN.

 

-->

''**ŋift ntor mangār se dak kaft. "mef raq śen ʔam?" dambic pin bindaq PN. mi qangfnung katkfat nataX qemrecal sen Hdān: "šruk day qatsHiw: dak manknas, tap day amfuc ftom, liw qatsalfiw, tak malfuc, n-dHon talak." "fna mef raq, sru fenfden grāt nataX? dambic pin bindaq PN. "gaŋaX, pin bindaq: cār bindik panratfaŋ, day fanpsak binkawantik nataX ya pin grāt pi!" "qaruy šaX-kaft se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsfŋim šaX pin kaft pin bindaq PN.''