Lakovic languages: Difference between revisions

: {{distinguish|text= the [[Lahob languages]]}}

| setting    = [[Verse:Hmøøh|Hmøøh]]

| region      = Bjeheond, Talma, Etalocin, Txapoalli

| family      = One of Hmøøh's primary language families

| child1 = [[Naengic languages|Naengic]]

| child2 = Häskä

| child3 = Tseer

| child4 = Tumhanic

| child5 = Txapoallian Lakovic

The '''Lakovic languages''' (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ ''lə-KOH-vik''; [[Naeng]]: ''fi imbrits Lăcof'' <small>Bjeheondian:</small> [vɪ (ʔ)ɪmˈbrits ləˈkaov]) are a major [[Verse:Hmøøh|Hmøøhian]] language family, originally native to [[Verse:Hmøøh/Bjeheond|Bjeheond]]. The most populous members of the family are the Nakwax dialect continuum spoken in Txapoalli, the [[Æ]] language of northwest Taivíor, and the (usually mutually intelligible) vernaculars derived from Classical Tseer. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.

The family is named after *lakof, the PLak reconstructed word for 'human'. *lakof is the etymon of [[Naeng]] ''Wen Lăchua'' '(poetic) [[Verse:Hmøøh/Wen Dămea|Wen Dămea]]', [[Tseer]] ''lakow'' 'free', and several other ethnonyms of Lakovic-speaking peoples such as [[Dak'ox]].

*[[Naeng languages|Naengic]] (aka Ashanic)

**[[Naeng/Classical|Classical Naeng]]

***[[Naeng|Modern Naeng]]

*Tseeric

**Classical Tseer

* [[Shalaian]]

*[[Pfiunian]] dialect continuum (Pseudo-Swiss German)

**[[Tsăloșian]] dialect continuum (near Sowaazhpi)

**Lakwax/Dakwax/Nakwax (Ejective-y head-final language; influenced [[Naquian]])

** [[Æ]]

==Phonology==

{| class="wikitable"

! | Dental/Alveolar

! | Lateral

| '''*m''' /m/

| '''*n''' /n{{den}}/

| '''*ŋ''' /ŋ/

| '''*t''' /t{{den}}/

| '''*b''' /b/

| '''*d''' /d{{den}}/

! <small>implosive</small>

| '''*ƀ''' /ɓ/

| '''*đ''' /ɗ/

|

| '''*c''' /t͡{{den}}s{{den}}/

| '''*ć''' /t͡ɬ/

| '''*f''' /ɸ/

| '''*s''' /s{{den}}/

| '''*ś''' /ɬ/

| '''*š''' /ʃ/

| '''*x''' /χ/

| '''*h''' /ɦ/

| '''*w''' /w/

| '''*r''' /r/

| '''*l''' /l{{den}}/

| '''*y''' /j/

''i u e o ă a''

''ă'' is thought to have been short /a/ or /ɐ/ while ''a'' was long /aː/. ''a'' could not occur unstressed and regularly reduced to ''ă''.

Proto-Lakovic was dominated by CV or CVC syllables. Some prefixes and infixes resulted in CC- initials.

Roots consisted of a sequence of consonants plus an inherent vowel.  There was schwebeablaut: the vowel could change position within the root. The roots could be of the form

#4-consonant roots like cpalg ~ cplag 'to cry out' (Wdm. ''tspong'' 'to demand' and ''tsloc'' 'to cry out')

 

Various prefixes, infixes and suffixes were added to derive words. Some infixes had 2 allomorphs, either as an infix or as a prefix: C<əC>CVC or C-CVC/C-CVCC.

*'''Long nominal grade''': CVCVC

''Weak roots'' such as *yriš 'to think' and *săpQ 'to pull' have irregularities in their allomorphs, like weak roots in Semitic. The weak consonants are y, w, H, and Q.

With week roots, either the verbal stem (e.g. ''yriš'' > ''riš'') or the nominal stem (''sap''' > ''sap'' 'to pull, to drag') or both are shortened, and either drops or assimilates the weak consonant. This leads to apparent irregularities like nominal yirš ~ verbal riš.

*''lăkof'' 'person' > ''lăkof-lăkof'' 'people'

*''lban'' 'water > ''lban-lban'' 'a lot of water'

Naengic developed a new associative plural suffix ''-am'', from PLak ''păm'' 'that; those (distal demonstrative)' (the ''-am'' in Modern Windermere plural pronouns ''łănam'', ''ănam'').

*''*băŋ'' = we (dual inclusive)

*''*śen'' = thou

*''*śens'' = thou (hon)

*''*ʔin'' = s/he

*''*ʔins'' = s/he (hon)

*unmarked or li- = imperfective

*-H = perfective

*hem- = change of state for statives?

**F(M)ă- = iterative

**ongFă- = X for oneself, X in advance

* {{angbr|ăp}}

* {{angbr|ăŋ}}

* {{angbr|it}}

* {{angbr|ăm/năm}}

* {{angbr|ăg}}

* {{angbr|kăm}}

* {{angbr|lis}}

*The {{angbr|ăy}} infix

Three-consonant roots had 3 ablaut grades, traditionally called:

*'''Long nominal grade''': CVCVC

The distinction is best preserved in non-Talman Lakovic languages, and to an extent Naeng; the Talman ones went fast and loose with ablaut grades just like most branches of IE did.

*{{angbr|-s}}: honorific, nominalization

*{{angbr|r}} prefix or infix: non-volitional or passive verbs

**Ashanic *{{angbr|àr}}, Wdm. {{angbr|ră}}, {{angbr|ngăr/măr}}

*{{angbr|ăy}} = deverbal noun

*{{angbr|ong}} = place noun

*{{angbr|X}} = agentive or instrument

**Wdm initial voicing, sometimes also breathy root vowel

*bif- = agentive  

**Wdm. ''pă-'' + voicing (not productive)

**Tseer ''ba-''

*xă- = resultative (passive in Windermere)

*t- = intensive, denominals

**Wdm. ''th-'' or ''t-'' (not productive)

*Qu- = intensive

*yă- = adjectivizer; from ''yă'' 'with'

**Wdm. ''yă-'', Tseer ''xi-'', Häskä ''yə-''

* ''f-'' = negative; the opposite or undoing of X

Proto-Lakovic had unmarked word order VSO.

*''spe-f fit Qopr-is ŋă rif'' (walk-PFV IND height-FEM DIR 1SG) = I walked up high (neutral)

*''s<əŋ>pe-f fit rif ŋă Qopris'' (<DEST>walk-PFV IND 1SG DIR high) = I walked up high (emphasis on "up high")

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

"Ăruy șa-χaaθ ses tsărüng te sen θăpal φănaw φănaw." esngim șa φin χaaθ φin Pĭda Brăwid.  

qaroy šaX-kaHt se se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsxngim šaX pin kaHt pin bindaq PN.

</poem>

''**ŋift ntor mangār se dak kaft. "mef raq śen ʔam?" dambic pin bindaq PN. mi qangfnung katkfat nataX qemrecal sen Hdān: "šruk day qatsHiw: dak manknas, tap day amfuc ftom, liw qatsalfiw, tak malfuc, n-dHon talak." "fna mef raq, sru fenfden grāt nataX? dambic pin bindaq PN. "gaŋaX, pin bindaq: cār bindik panratfaŋ, day fanpsak binkawantik nataX ya pin grāt pi!" "qaruy šaX-kaft se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsfŋim šaX pin kaft pin bindaq PN.''