Lemizh: Difference between revisions
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Anypodetos (talk | contribs) (Adverbially used adjectives etc.) |
Anypodetos (talk | contribs) (Dependent clauses; formatting etc.) |
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{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level; 3A:third level, agentive | {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level; 3A:third level, agentive | ||
|dmàt tryxkì dée föpysryfè dwywỳ lusỳi. | |dmàt tryxkì dée föpysryfè dwywỳ lusỳi. | ||
|see-FACT-1 beaver-ACC-DAT-2 give-NOM-NOM-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-3A bottle-ACC-ACC-3 Lucy-ACC-DAT-3. | |see-FACT-1 beaver-ACC-DAT-2 give-'''NOM'''-NOM-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-3A bottle-ACC-ACC-3 Lucy-ACC-DAT-3. | ||
|''The beaver sees '''the one giving Lucy a bottle, Father Christmas'''.''}} | |''The beaver sees '''the one giving Lucy a bottle, Father Christmas'''.''}} | ||
Regarding the verb "see", note that the beaver is in the dative, being at the receiving end of the optical stimulus or information. Marking the beaver as agent would translate as "The beaver looks at the one …". | Regarding the verb "see", note that the beaver is in the dative, being at the receiving end of the optical stimulus or information. Marking the beaver as agent would translate as "The beaver looks at the one …". | ||
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As [[w:Genitive construction|genitive constructions]] have a wide variety of meanings, there is no single Lemizh equivalent. The typical translation for constructions indicating possession is with the benefactive case, but other cases frequently occur. Everything depends on the object's relation to the predicate's stem per Rule Three. | As [[w:Genitive construction|genitive constructions]] have a wide variety of meanings, there is no single Lemizh equivalent. The typical translation for constructions indicating possession is with the benefactive case, but other cases frequently occur. Everything depends on the object's relation to the predicate's stem per Rule Three. | ||
{| | {| | ||
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''A Midsummer Night's Dream''}} | ''A Midsummer Night's Dream''}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Dependent clauses=== | |||
Non-finite and conjunctional clauses … | |||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive; 3:third level | |||
|láxt föpysryfè dày dwywỳ lusỳi. | |||
|want-FACT-1 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-2A give-'''FACT'''-ACC-2 bottle-ACC-ACC-3 Lucy-ACC-DAT-3. | |||
|''Father Christmas wants '''to give Lucy a bottle'''.''}} | |||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level; 3A:third level, agentive | |||
|dmàt tryxkì dáe föpysryfè dwywỳ lusỳi. | |||
|see-FACT-1 beaver-ACC-DAT-2 give-'''FACT'''-NOM-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-3A bottle-ACC-ACC-3 Lucy-ACC-DAT-3. | |||
|''The beaver sees [the action of] '''Father Christmas giving Lucy a bottle'''.''}} | |||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; AFF:affirmative case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level; 3A:third level, agentive | |||
|dmàt tryxkì dále föpysryfè dwywỳ lusỳi. | |||
|see-FACT-1 beaver-ACC-DAT-2 give-'''AFF'''-NOM-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-3A bottle-ACC-ACC-3 Lucy-ACC-DAT-3. | |||
|''The beaver sees [the fact of] '''Father Christmas giving Lucy a bottle'''. The beaver sees '''that''' Father Christmas gives Lucy a bottle.''}} | |||
… | |||
Relative clauses are structurally identical to (extended) attributive participles as described above: ''a bird which sings to a sad child at night = a bird singing to a sad child at night''. | |||
===Predicative=== | ===Predicative=== | ||
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| | | | ||
|''''}}--> | |''''}}--> | ||
===Relative pronouns=== | ===Relative pronouns=== | ||
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''You are dancing.''}} | ''You are dancing.''}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Rule Four of sentence grammar ensures that the reflexive example means "He is talking to himself" as opposed to, say, "He is talking to one being talked to" (which would be ''wáx wìxe.'' speak-{{sc|fact-1 | Rule Four of sentence grammar ensures that the reflexive example means "He is talking to himself" as opposed to, say, "He is talking to one being talked to" (which would be ''wáx wìxe.'' <span style="font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums">speak-{{sc|fact}}-1 speak-{{sc|dat-nom}}-2{{sc|a}}</span>, with two different instances of the stem "speak"). | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [https://lemizh.conlang.org Lemizh homepage] with comprehensive coverage of the language, including a dictionary | * [https://lemizh.conlang.org Lemizh homepage] with comprehensive coverage of the language, including a dictionary with etymologies, information on the language's pragmatics, and more background information | ||
[[File:Copyleft1.png|20px]] ''This article includes material from the Lemizh homepage, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License].'' | [[File:Copyleft1.png|20px]] ''This article includes material from the Lemizh homepage, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License].'' | ||