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Lemizh: Difference between revisions
Job titles; predicative
Anypodetos (talk | contribs) (Resultative vs. depictive; formatting) |
Anypodetos (talk | contribs) (Job titles; predicative) |
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| ''làw.'' "to make a lion" || [''lèw.'' "one making a lion"] || ''lỳw.'' "a thing having the properties of a lion = '''a lion'''" || [''lìw.'' "building materials for a lion, materials made into a lion"] | | ''làw.'' "to make a lion" || [''lèw.'' "one making a lion"] || ''lỳw.'' "a thing having the properties of a lion = '''a lion'''" || [''lìw.'' "building materials for a lion, materials made into a lion"] | ||
|} | |} | ||
Nouns expressing job titles and the like mostly have inner nominatives because professions are often about producing or selling something, or about providing a kind of service: | |||
* ''ghexè.'' "baker" from ''ghexà.'' "to bake", | |||
* ''saxèf.'' "trumpeter" from ''saxàf.'' "to play the trumpet", | |||
* ''bèst.'' "hero" from ''bàst.'' "to do heroic deeds, to act as a hero". | |||
Another very common kind of nouns are tool nouns, formed with an inner instrumental case: | Another very common kind of nouns are tool nouns, formed with an inner instrumental case: | ||
* ''ghstù.'' "a sail" is derived from ''ghstà.'' "to sail", literally "a means of sailing", | * ''ghstù.'' "a sail" is derived from ''ghstà.'' "to sail", literally "a means of sailing", | ||
* ''pslù.'' "scissors" from ''pslà.'' "to cut with scissors", | * ''pslù.'' "scissors" from ''pslà.'' "to cut with scissors", | ||
* ''saxùf.'' "a trumpet" from ''saxàf.'' | * ''saxùf.'' "a trumpet", also from ''saxàf.'', | ||
* ''skrùzh.'' "a finger" from ''skràzh.'' "to work with one's fingers". | * ''skrùzh.'' "a finger" from ''skràzh.'' "to work with one's fingers". | ||
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===Predicative=== | ===Predicative=== | ||
[[w:Predicative expression|Predicatives]], like all sentences, follow the plot arrow: | |||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive | |||
|ghát zhngyè bestỳ lusỳi. | |||
|name-FACT-1 child-ACC-NOM-2A hero-NOM-ACC-2 Lucy-ACC-DAT-2. | |||
|''The children called Lucy a hero.'' (The children gave the name of hero to Lucy.)}} | |||
Predicatives with the verb "to make" typically correspond to Lemizh sentences with a nominal or adjectival verb as the main predicate. This can be interpreted as the accusative object – here "ill" – being absorbed ("swallowed up") by the main predicate: | |||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level | |||
|mà ydhè gwilbkyỳ wỳgwi. → gwilbkà ydhè wỳgwi. | |||
|make-FACT-1 eat-ACC-NOM-2 ill-ACC-ACC-2 dog-ACC-DAT-2. → ill-FACT-1 eat-ACC-NOM-2 dog-ACC-DAT-2. | |||
|''The food made the dog ill.'' (The food gave the property of being ill to the dog.)}} | |||
The verb "to be" translates as the corresponding perfect form, i.e. with inner consecutive of the main predicate: | |||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; 1:first level; 2:second level | {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; 1:first level; 2:second level | ||
|lìlbdh lỳghi. | |lìlbdh lỳghi. | ||
|white-CONS-1 house-ACC- | |white-CONS-1 house-ACC-DAT-2. | ||
|''The house is [painted] white.'' (The | |''The house is [painted] white.'' (The house has been given the property of being white. The house has been whitened.)}} | ||
The above are called resultative predicatives, describing the result of some property being conferred on someone or something. A depictive predicative describes an inherent property; this is achieved with an accusative object: | |||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; 1:first level; 2:second level | {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; 1:first level; 2:second level | ||
|drulìl werhèy. | |drulìl werhèy. | ||
|shrub-CONS-1 hazel-NOM- | |shrub-CONS-1 hazel-NOM-ACC-2. | ||
|''The hazel is a shrub.'' (The hazel has the properties of a shrub.)}} | |''The hazel is a shrub.'' (The hazel has the properties of a shrub.)}} | ||
(Side note: The stem of ''werhè.'' "hazel" means "to make hazelnuts", hence the inner nominative. The nuts are called ''werhỳ.'', with inner accusative. Other plants bearing edible fruits follow the same pattern.) | (Side note: The stem of ''werhè.'' "hazel" means "to make hazelnuts", hence the inner nominative. The nuts are called ''werhỳ.'', with inner accusative. Other plants bearing edible fruits follow the same pattern.) | ||
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Number and gender of [[#Nouns|nouns]] are compounds from brackets which are first inverted to turn the more salient word into the compound's head: ''dè mlỳe. ⇔ mlỳ dèy.'' "several givers" ⇒ ''demlè.'' "givers". The inner nominative (''-e-'') becomes the epenthetic case, and the new inner case also has to be a nominative per Rule Three. ''demlỳ.'' (inner {{sc|acc}}), by contrast, is "something given by several people". | Number and gender of [[#Nouns|nouns]] are compounds from brackets which are first inverted to turn the more salient word into the compound's head: ''dè mlỳe. ⇔ mlỳ dèy.'' "several givers" ⇒ ''demlè.'' "givers". The inner nominative (''-e-'') becomes the epenthetic case, and the new inner case also has to be a nominative per Rule Three. ''demlỳ.'' (inner {{sc|acc}}), by contrast, is "something given by several people". | ||
Compounds expressing degrees of [[#Adjectives and the like|adjectives]] are also formed from brackets. They have an epenthetic consecutive (''-il-''), which stems from the corresponding abstract noun: ''gmrìl dmỳil. ⇔ dmỳ gmrìly.'' "much warmth" ⇒ ''gmrildmìl.'' "heat" (abstract noun formed with inner {{sc|cons}}), ''gmrildmỳ.'' "hot" (adjective with inner {{sc|acc}}). Degrees of comparison are often combined with [[#Predicative|predicatives]]: | Compounds expressing degrees of [[#Adjectives and the like|adjectives]] are also formed from brackets. They have an epenthetic consecutive (''-il-''), which stems from the corresponding abstract noun: ''gmrìl dmỳil. ⇔ dmỳ gmrìly.'' "much warmth" ⇒ ''gmrildmìl.'' "heat" (abstract noun formed with inner {{sc|cons}}), ''gmrildmỳ.'' "hot" (adjective with inner {{sc|acc}}). Degrees of comparison are often combined with [[#Predicative|predicatives]] as well as with qualitative or partitive outer cases: | ||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; QUALDAT:qualitative dative case; 1:first level; 2:second level | {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; QUALDAT:qualitative dative case; 1:first level; 2:second level | ||
|prilghtìlzhd lyghì bỳghim. | |prilghtìlzhd lyghì bỳghim. | ||