Lemizh: Difference between revisions

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|dá föpysryfè dwywỳ lusỳi.

|''Father Christmas gives Lucy a bottle.''}}

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|dá lusyì dwywỳ föpysrỳfe.

|''Lucy takes a bottle from Father Christmas.''}}

Adverbially used adjectives are phrased with factive brackets. However, changing the predicate's inner case leaves the object's outer factive intact, losing the bracket.

|gangà txỳska.

|sing-'''FACT'''-1 loud-ACC-'''FACT'''-2.

|''(an action of) singing, a loud thing = loud singing = singing loudly, to sing loudly''}}

|gangè txỳska.

|sing-'''NOM'''-1 loud-ACC-FACT-2.

|''a loud singer = someone singing loudly'' (The action of singing is a loud thing.)}}

As [[w:Genitive construction|genitive constructions]] have a wide variety of meanings, there is no single Lemizh equivalent. The typical translation for constructions indicating possession is with the benefactive case, but other cases frequently occur. Everything depends on the object's relation to the predicate's stem per Rule Three.

|dwỳw lusỳü.

|bottle-ACC-1 Lucy-ACC-'''BEN'''-2.

|''Lucy's bottle'' (Lucy is the beneficiary of making the bottle. The bottle is made for Lucy.)}}

|dý ỳxe.

|give-ACC-1 male-ACC-'''NOM'''-2A.

|''the man's gift'' (The man is the sender of giving.)}}

|rhỳst ytfỳarh filpskỳy.

|dream-ACC-1 night-ACC-'''TEMP'''-2 midsummer-ACC-ACC-3.

| ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' (The midsummer night is the time of dreaming.)}}

===Dependent clauses===

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|ghát zhngyè bestỳ lusỳi.

|''The children called Lucy a hero.'' (The children gave the name of hero to Lucy.)}}

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|mà ydhè gwilbkyỳ wỳgwi. → gwilbkà ydhè wỳgwi.

|''The food made the dog ill.'' (The food gave the property of being ill to the dog.)}}

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|lìlbdh lỳghi.

|''The house is [painted] white.'' (The house has been given the property of being white. The house has been whitened.)}}

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|drulìl werhèy.

|''The hazel is a shrub.'' (The hazel has the properties of a shrub.)}}

(Side note: The stem of ''werhè.'' "hazel" means "to make hazelnuts", hence the inner nominative. The nuts are called ''werhỳ.'', with inner accusative. Other plants bearing edible fruits follow the same pattern.)

'''Rule Three. Regarding all outward relations, cases''' (i.e. the compound's inner case [not to be confused with its epenthetic case], the outer cases of its objects, and cases of pronouns referring to it) '''refer to the head.'''

|adhkmàr mlỳdhy.

|eat-FACT-allow-LOC-1 sweet-ACC-ACC-2.

|''a place where one may eat sweets; a place for eating sweets''}}

|ngengadàxt fỳta.

|run-FACT-must-FACT-1 fast-ACC-FACT-1

|''[He] has to run fast.''}}

These examples talk about the location of eating, as opposed to the location of allowing; about eating sweets, as opposed to allowing sweets; the running is fast, as opposed to the necessity; etc.

Compounds expressing degrees of [[#Adjectives and the like|adjectives]] are also formed from brackets. They have an epenthetic consecutive (''-il-''), which stems from the corresponding abstract noun: ''gmrìl dmỳil. ⇔ dmỳ gmrìly.'' "much warmth" ⇒ ''gmrildmìl.'' "heat" (abstract noun formed with inner {{sc|cons}}), ''gmrildmỳ.'' "hot" (adjective with inner {{sc|acc}}). Degrees of comparison are often combined with [[#Predicative|predicatives]] as well as with qualitative or partitive outer cases:

|''The house is more beautiful than the garden.'' (The garden is the basis of comparison for the house.)}}

The analogues of the present and future tenses are formed like so – note that inversion changes the pronoun's stem along with its level: