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Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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Some roots may have different past formations, often with different meanings, or used with different present formations. For example, the root ''lub-'' (< PIE *lewbʰ-) forms ''alúwsom'' (s-past), past of ''luwnámi'' "I love", but also ''alubom'' (root past), formerly the past of ''lóbiyámi'' "I charm", nowadays used with the meaning of "to fall in love with" (while "I charmed" is formed as the synchronically regular ''alóbíyam''); the reduplicated past ''lelóba'', finally, is used as the past of both ''lúwámi'' (< *lewbʰ-oh₂-mi<ref>Changed from earlier *lúbámi through analogy from ''lúwti'' (< *lewbʰ-ti).</ref>) "I want" and ''luwsyémi'' (< *lubʰ-sy-emi) "I wish". | Some roots may have different past formations, often with different meanings, or used with different present formations. For example, the root ''lub-'' (< PIE *lewbʰ-) forms ''alúwsom'' (s-past), past of ''luwnámi'' "I love", but also ''alubom'' (root past), formerly the past of ''lóbiyámi'' "I charm", nowadays used with the meaning of "to fall in love with" (while "I charmed" is formed as the synchronically regular ''alóbíyam''); the reduplicated past ''lelóba'', finally, is used as the past of both ''lúwámi'' (< *lewbʰ-oh₂-mi<ref>Changed from earlier *lúbámi through analogy from ''lúwti'' (< *lewbʰ-ti).</ref>) "I want" and ''luwsyémi'' (< *lubʰ-sy-emi) "I wish". | ||
====Perfect==== | |||
The Lifashian perfect is a different form from the PIE perfect (which, where kept, functions as a reduplicated but augmentless past for certain verbs). It is formed with a generalized past participle in ''-it'' (''-t'' for vowel-ending stems) and the appropriate form of the present copula: | |||
* ''Mek tom filmom wilémi.'' "I see the film" (present); ''mek tom filmom lersyit (e)syim.'' "I have seen the film" | |||
* ''Letasyé gortás poltás gurét e(sti).'' "(S)he has written her many letters." | |||
In the spoken language and in informal writing, when used as auxiliary for the perfect, the present singular forms of the copula are ''syim, syi, e''. | |||
====Copula==== | ====Copula==== | ||