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Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
The verbal system of Lifashian is quite archaic among Indo-European languages: while overall morphological complexity has been reduced, notably through the use of analytic tenses, the system of synthetic verbs shows a late PIE stage where each root is independently conjugated in each tense-aspect combination, and the same root may have multiple primary formations; only verbs which are derived or borrowed with the addition of a secondary formant may be said to have a regular conjugation. Otherwise, a primary present formation can correspond to different past formations, or viceversa. | The verbal system of Lifashian is quite archaic among Indo-European languages: while overall morphological complexity has been reduced, notably through the use of analytic tenses, the system of synthetic verbs shows a late PIE stage where each root is independently conjugated in each tense-aspect combination, and the same root may have multiple primary formations; only verbs which are derived or borrowed with the addition of a secondary formant may be said to have a regular conjugation. Otherwise, a primary present formation can correspond to different past formations, or viceversa. | ||
====Present==== | |||
The Lifashian present formations are categorized as follows: | |||
* class I (athematic verbs): root plus any personal suffix, without the ''-á-'' extension for the first person singular. This includes consonant-final roots (such as ''frál-mi'' "I become", or with an epenthetic vowel ''ele-mi'' "I eat"), but in many cases the Lifashian root ends in a long vowel and reflects an original laryngeal (such as ''mulú-mi'' "I say, speak"). The borrowed verbs ''siré-mi'' "I like" and ''guré-mi'' "I write" are also part of this class. | |||
* class II (simple thematic): root plus extended personal suffixes. Overall the most common class, including e.g. ''syúpámi'' "I sleep", ''berámi'' "I carry", ''húámi'' "I listen, hear". | |||
* class III (nasal infix), athematic class with a stressed ''-ne-'' suffix inserted into the root in the singular and a ''-n-'' before the last consonant in the plural. Includes many common verbs, such as e.g. ''pure<ne>s-mi, pure<n>s-mas'' "I/we ask", ''iske<ne>l-mi, iske<n>la-mas'' "I/we have to", ''tu<ná>-mi, tu<ná>-mas'' "I/we can" (less regular due to an original root-final laryngeal, still present in the root ''tuh-'', cf. root past ''a-tú-m''). | |||
* class IV (reduplicated athematic), similar to class I but with a reduplicated initial, such as most notably ''le-lú-mi'' "I give". | |||
* class V (reduplicated thematic), similar to class II but with a reduplicated initial, e.g. ''si-syej-ámi'' "I hold". | |||
(TBA) | |||
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