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Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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→Aorist and Perfect
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Aorists have two sets of endings, diachronically derived from the same ones depending on whether the initial laryngeal is kept (cf. ''tistáhe'' (< *stestóh₂h₂e) and ''lelóba'' (< *lelowbʰh₂e)). | Aorists have two sets of endings, diachronically derived from the same ones depending on whether the initial laryngeal is kept (cf. ''tistáhe'' (< *stestóh₂h₂e) and ''lelóba'' (< *lelowbʰh₂e)). | ||
The perfect is a more recent formation. It is formed with a generalized past participle in ''-it'' (''-t'' for vowel-ending roots), formed starting from a past verb (with exceptions), and the appropriate form of the present copula: | |||
* ''Mek tom filmom wilémi.'' "I see the film" (present); ''mek tom filmom lersyit (e)syim.'' "I have seen the film" | |||
* ''Letasyé gortás poltás gurét e(sti).'' "(S)he has written her many letters." | |||
In the spoken language and in informal writing, when used as auxiliary for the perfect, the present singular forms of the copula are ''syim, syi, e''. | |||
Certain verbs may have irregular or multiple participles, most notably ''frálmi, farhálm'' (I become, became, also used as passive auxiliary), which has the historically contracted participle ''frálit'' as an auxiliary, and uncontracted ''farhelit'' as a standalone verb. | |||
<!-- ====Regular verbs==== | <!-- ====Regular verbs==== | ||
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Some roots may have different past formations, often with different meanings, or used with different present formations. For example, the root ''lub-'' (< PIE *lewbʰ-) forms ''alúwsom'' (s-past), past of ''luwnámi'' "I love", but also ''alubom'' (root past), formerly the past of ''lóbiyámi'' "I charm", nowadays used with the meaning of "to fall in love with" (while "I charmed" is formed as the synchronically regular ''alóbíyam''); the reduplicated past ''lelóba'', finally, is used as the past of both ''lúwámi'' (< *lewbʰ-oh₂-mi<ref>Changed from earlier *lúbámi through analogy from ''lúwti'' (< *lewbʰ-ti).</ref>) "I want" and ''luwsyémi'' (< *lubʰ-sy-emi) "I wish". | Some roots may have different past formations, often with different meanings, or used with different present formations. For example, the root ''lub-'' (< PIE *lewbʰ-) forms ''alúwsom'' (s-past), past of ''luwnámi'' "I love", but also ''alubom'' (root past), formerly the past of ''lóbiyámi'' "I charm", nowadays used with the meaning of "to fall in love with" (while "I charmed" is formed as the synchronically regular ''alóbíyam''); the reduplicated past ''lelóba'', finally, is used as the past of both ''lúwámi'' (< *lewbʰ-oh₂-mi<ref>Changed from earlier *lúbámi through analogy from ''lúwti'' (< *lewbʰ-ti).</ref>) "I want" and ''luwsyémi'' (< *lubʰ-sy-emi) "I wish". | ||
====Subjunctive==== | ====Subjunctive==== | ||